Exposition aux pesticides et risque de diabète de type 2 : une étude au nord du Bénin (Afrique de l'Ouest)

Introduction : La présente étude explore pour la première fois en Afrique, l'association entre l'exposition aux pesticides organochlorés (POC) et le risque de diabète de type 2. L’étude se déroule dans la région du Borgou, au nord du Bénin, où l’utilisation intense de pesticides pour la culture du coton coïncide avec une prévalence élevée du diabète par rapport aux autres régions du pays. Objectifs: 1) Décrire le niveau d’exposition de la population des diabétiques et non diabétiques du Borgou par le taux sérique de certains pesticides organochlorés ; 2) Explorer la relation entre le risque de diabète de type 2 et les concentrations sériques des POC; 3) Examiner l’association entre l’obésité globale, le pourcentage de masse grasse et l’obésité abdominale avec les concentrations sériques des POC; 4) Explorer la contribution de certaines sources d’exposition alimentaire et non-alimentaire aux concentrations sériques des POC. Méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude cas-témoin qui concerne 258 adultes de 18 à 65 ans identifiés par deux valeurs glycémiques capillaire et veineuse au seuil de 7 mmol/l pour les diabétiques et 5,6mmol/l pour les témoins non diabétiques. Les 129 témoins ont été appariés aux 129 cas selon les critères suivants : l’ethnie, l’âge ± 5ans, le sexe et la localité de résidence. Les informations personnelles et celles portant sur les modes d’exposition ont été recueillies par questionnaire. Les concentrations sériques des POC ont été obtenues par chromatographie gazeuse couplée d’une spectrométrie de masse. L’obésité globale est déterminée par l’IMC ≥ 30 kg/m2. L’obésité abdominale est obtenue par le tour de taille selon les critères consensuels d’Alberti et al. pour la définition du syndrome métabolique. Le pourcentage de masse corporelle a été mesuré par bio-impédance électrique et été considéré comme élevé au seuil de 33% chez les femmes et 25% chez les hommes. Résultats: En comparant les 3ème et premier terciles des concentrations de p,p’-DDE et p,p’-DDT, les sujets du 3e tercile étaient deux à trois fois plus susceptibles de présenter du diabète que ceux du 1er tercile. La probabilité d’obésité abdominale ou de l’obésité générale (en contrôlant pour le statut diabétique) était accrue de trois à cinq fois dans le dernier tercile pour trois des quatre POC qui étaient détectables soit p,p’-DDT, β-HCH et trans-Nonachlore. Les facteurs socioéconomiques associés aux POC sériques sont le niveau d’éducation élevé, un meilleur revenu et la résidence en milieu urbain. Les sources d’exposition non alimentaire significativement associées aux concentrations sériques de POC étaient l’exposition professionnelle mixte (primaire et secondaire) aux pesticides et la consommation de tabac local. L’achat en opposition à l’autoproduction de plusieurs groupes de denrées alimentaire était associé à de plus fortes teneurs de POC. La fréquence de consommation hebdomadaire du poisson, des légumes, du fromage, de l’igname séchée ainsi que du mil, de l’huile de palme et de certaines légumineuses comme le soya, le néré, le niébé et le voandzou était significativement associées aux POC sériques. Conclusion : L’étude a mis en évidence la relation entre le niveau sérique de pesticides organochlorés d’une part, du diabète ou de l’obésité d’autre part. Les concentrations de POC observées au Borgou sont assez élevées et méritent d’être suivies et comparées à celles d’autres régions du pays. Les facteurs contribuant à ces teneurs élevées sont le niveau d’éducation élevé, un meilleur revenu, la résidence en milieu urbain, l’achat et la fréquence de consommation de plusieurs aliments. La contribution du mélange des polluants auxquels les habitants de cette région sont exposés à la prévalence croissante du diabète mérite d’être examinée, notamment les pesticides utilisés actuellement dans la région pour les productions de rente et autres polluants persistants. Ces résultats contribuent à accroître les connaissances sur les facteurs de risque émergents pour le diabète que sont des polluants environnementaux comme les pesticides. Les implications pour la santé publique sont importantes tant pour la prévention des maladies chroniques que pour la sensibilisation des autorités politiques du pays pour une politique agricole et sanitaire adéquate visant la réduction de l’exposition aux pesticides.Background: The present study examines for the first time in sub-Saharan Africa, the association between exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The study took place in the Borgou area in the northern part of Benin, where the intensive use of pesticides for cotton production coincides with a high prevalence of diabetes compared to other areas of the country. Objectives: 1) To describe in a sample of subjects with diabetes and in non-diabetic control subjects of Borgou serum levels of some OCPs; 2) To assess the relationship between the risk of type 2 diabetes and serum concentrations of OCPs; 3) To examine the association between overall obesity, the percentage of body fat and abdominal obesity with serum concentrations of OCPs; 4) To explore the contribution of some potential sources of exposure to serum concentrations of OCPs. Methods: This is a case-control study of 258 adults aged 18 to 65 years, identified on the basis of a diabetes prevalence study. Subjects were detected by capillary and venous fasting blood glucose at the threshold of 7mmol /l for diabetic subjects and 5.6mmol / l for the controls. The 129 controls were matched with 129 cases for ethnic group, age ± 5 years, sex and residence location. Personal data and information on potential sources of pesticide exposure were collected by questionnaire. Serum OCPs were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Overall obesity was determined by a BMI ≥ 30kg/m2. Abdominal obesity was defined according to waist circumference using the Alberti et al. consensual criteria for metabolic syndrome. The percentage of body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance and was higher at the threshold of 33% in women and 25% in men. Results: Comparing the third and first tertiles of p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT serum concentrations, we observed a two to threefold higher odds ratio for diabetes. The likelihood of abdominal obesity or general obesity was three to five times higher in the upper compared to lower tertile for three of the four detected OCPs, that is: p,p'-DDT, β-HCH and trans-Nonachlor. The socioeconomic factors associated with serum OCPs are high level of education, high income and residence in urban area. The non-food sources of exposure were mixed occupational exposure (primary and secondary) and consumption of local tobacco. The food sources of exposure were purchased foods that are greater source of exposure to pesticide than self-production. The frequency of weekly consumption of fish, vegetables, cheese, dried yam as well as millet, oil palm and some legumes such as soybeans, locust bean, cowpea and Bambara groundnut was significantly associated with serum concentrations of OCPs. Conclusion: The study highlighted the relationship between the serum level of organochlorine pesticides on the one hand, diabetes or obesity on the other. Levels of OCPs observed in Borgou are high enough and need to be monitored and compared to others areas in the country. Factors associated with high levels of OCP in Borgou are high levels of education, high income, residence in urban area, purchase and consumption frequency of several foods. The contribution of the mixture of pollutants, to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in Borgou need to be examined, especially pesticides used currently for commercial productions in agriculture and other persistent pollutants. These results contribute to increase the knowledge on emerging risk factors for diabetes that are environmental pollutants such as pesticides. The implications for public health are important in terms of chronic diseases prevention and sensitization of national policies makers, for proper agricultural and health policy aimed at reducing exposure to pesticides

Determinants of Adherence to Recommendations of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension in Adults with Hypertension Treated in a Hospital in Benin

Abstract The dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) is an effective nutritional strategy to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease. Optimal benefit from dietary recommendations in management of hypertension depends on the compliance. This analytic cross sectional study aimed at establishing determinants of DASH among adults with hypertension treated at hospital in Benin. The study included 150 hypertensive adults selected during medical visit for blood pressure monitoring at hospital Saint-Luc in Cotonou from June 3 rd to July 1 st , 2014. Data on consumption of sodium, fruits and vegetables, alcohol, saturated and trans fat rich products were collected by questionnaire. A score of adherence to DASH was built. Determinants of adherence to DASH were identified using logistic regression model. Only 20% of subjects showed adherence to DASH. Better knowledge on hypertension OR=5.18 (95%IC 1.98-13.22) and healthy dietary habits and lifestyle prior to diagnosis of hypertension OR=4.26 (95%IC 1.67-13.18) increased the likelihood of adherence to dietary recommendations for hypertension management. Nutrition education and information of patients on hypertension and its complications during medical consultations may increase their adherence to dietary recommendations for management of the disease

Socio-cultural beliefs influence feeding practices of mothers and their children in Grand Popo, Benin

CITATION: Lokossou, Y. U. A. 2021. Socio-cultural beliefs influence feeding practices of mothers and their children in Grand Popo, Benin. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 40:33, doi:10.1186/s41043-021-00258-7.The original publication is available at https://jhpn.biomedcentral.comPublication of this article was funded by the Stellenbosch University Open Access FundBackground: Malnutrition is a major public health problem. It contributes to the high death rate among children in developing countries despite the various advocacies of institutions such as WHO and FAO and many other organisations. More research needs to be done in order to contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The aim of this study was to explore socio-cultural practices and their influence on feeding practices of mothers and their children in Grand Popo, Benin. Methods: A qualitative research methodology was used with an inductive approach. A pretested discussion guide was used to conduct focus group discussions with participants in their local language. Four focus group discussions were held in 4 villages located in both the rural and the semi-urban areas with each focus group comprising seven to eight participants. The study protocol was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Stellenbosch University. Focus group discussions were recorded, transcribed and translated to English. The data was analysed following the Creswell data analysis steps. Results: All the children were breastfed, and 56.1% of children under 6 months received breast milk exclusively. Children were introduced to family foods at 5 months with very low consumption of animal protein and fruits. Mothers and children had monotonous diets with high consumption of vegetables and maize-based meals. Food taboos, particularly during pregnancy, were revealed. Those cultural beliefs were still followed by some mothers, and food rich in nutrients were pushed aside. Conclusions: There is a need for educational interventions to raise awareness of the negative impacts of some socio-cultural practices on the health of the mother and child.https://jhpn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41043-021-00258-7Publisher's versio

Growing burden of diabetes in sub- saharan Africa: contribution of pesticides ?

International audienceThe diabetes burden is growing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The low overall access to health care has been documented to contribute to the high diabetes-related mortality. Due to economic, demographic, epidemiological and nutrition transitions in SSA, the growing prevalence of diabetes appears to be related to obesogenic lifestyles and the intergenerational impact of malnutrition in women of childbearing age. Both overnutrition and undernutrition have been associated with the development of diabetes and other chronic diseases. Africans are also suspected of being genetically predisposed to diabetes. According to existing data in developed countries, exposure to pesticides, particularly organochlorines and metabolites, is associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its comorbidities. In African countries, pesticide exposure levels often appear much higher than in developed countries. Furthermore, undernutrition, which is still highly prevalent in SSA, could increase susceptibility to the adverse effects of organic pollutants. Therefore, the growing and inadequate use of pesticides may well represent an additional risk factor for diabetes in SSA. Additionally, high exposure to pesticides in African infants in utero and during the perinatal period may increase the intergenerational risk of developing diabetes in SSA