Passiflora incarnata attenuation of neuropathic allodynia and vulvodynia apropos GABA-ergic and opioidergic antinociceptive and behavioural mechanisms

Background: Passiflora incarnata is widely used as an anxiolytic and sedative due to its putative GABAergic properties. Passiflora incarnata L. methanolic extract (PI-ME) was evaluated in an animal model of streptozotocininduced diabetic neuropathic allodynia and vulvodynia in rats along with antinociceptive, anxiolytic and sedative activities in mice in order to examine possible underlying mechanisms. Methods: PI-ME was tested preliminary for qualitative phytochemical analysis and then quantitatively by proximate and GC-MS analysis. The antinociceptive property was evaluated using the abdominal constriction assay and hot plate test. The anxiolytic activity was performed in a stair case model and sedative activity in an open field test. The antagonistic activities were evaluated using naloxone and/or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). PI-ME was evaluated for prospective anti-allodynic and anti-vulvodynic properties in a rat model of streptozotocin induced neuropathic pain using the static and dynamic testing paradigms of mechanical allodynia and vulvodynia. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed that PI-ME contained predominant quantities of oleamide (9-octadecenamide), palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) and 3-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid, among other active constituents. In the abdominal constriction assay and hot plate test, PI-ME produced dose dependant, naloxone and pentylenetetrazole reversible antinociception suggesting an involvement of opioidergic and GABAergic mechanisms. In the stair case test, PI-ME at 200 mg/kg increased the number of steps climbed while at 600 mg/kg a significant decrease was observed. The rearing incidence was diminished by PI-ME at all tested doses and in the open field test, PI-ME decreased locomotor activity to an extent that was analagous to diazepam. The effects of PI-ME were antagonized by PTZ in both the staircase and open field tests implicating GABAergic mechanisms in its anxiolytic and sedative activities. In the streptozotocin-induced neuropathic nociceptive model, PI-ME (200 and 300 mg/kg) exhibited static and dynamic anti-allodynic effects exemplified by an increase in paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency. PI-ME relieved only the dynamic component of vulvodynia by increasing flinching response latency. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Passiflora incarnata might be useful for treating neuropathic pain. The antinociceptive and behavioural findings inferring that its activity may stem from underlying opioidergic and GABAergic mechanisms though a potential oleamide-sourced cannabimimetic involvement is also discussed

Sobre a objetividade na relação sujeito-objeto no plano da imagem ou da esfera instrumental/organizacional: um ponto de vista para a pesquisa na enfermagem Sobre la objetividad en la relación sujeto - objeto en el plan de la imagen o de la esfera instrumental/organizacional: un punto de vista para la investigación en la enfermería About the objectivity in the subject-object relationship in the image’s plan or in the instrumental/organizational scope: a point of view for the nursing research

Discussão sobre a objetividade na relação sujeito-objeto - âmbito do fenômeno do conhecimento e pesquisas/estudos de enfermagem. A abordagem teórico-filosófica incide sobre a esfera intermediária - instrumental/organizacional - relativamente a possíveis verdades aproximadas. Essa esfera entendida como esfera da "imagem" ou espaço formal ( locus virtual?) de transferência de caracteres da realidade objetiva. A análise de natureza gnoseológico-epistemológica, sem pretensões aprofundadas, salvo o alcance da compreensão para estudos ou buscas investigativas em plano de núcleos de pesquisa na enfermagem. A autora assume a crítica em favor do domínio de conceitos e categorias do conhecer e relativamente à enfermagem enquanto "ciência-em-vias-de-se-fazer". Aponta para o risco de confundir-se, de um lado, o plano pragmático/ assistencial (trabalho e operações práticas) e, de outro, o plano gnoseológico/epistemológico (trabalho teórico-acadêmico de buscas de verdades aproximadas). E apresenta argumentos/justificavas lógicas para as distinções entre interesses do sujeito pesquisador (plano da Subjetividade) e outros apropriados à construção científica (plano da Objetividade).<br>Discusión sobre la objetividad en la relación sujeto-objeto, ámbito del fenómeno del conocimiento / interés de la investigación/ estudios de enfermería. El abordaje de efecto teórico-filosófico incide sobre la esfera intermedia - instrumental/organizacional - relacionada con la formalización de posibles verdades aproximadas. Esa esfera entendida como esfera de la "imagen" o espacio formal de transferencia de determinaciones o caracteres del real objetivo. El análisis es de naturaleza gnoseológicoepistemológica, sin pretensiones profundas, salvo el alcance de comprensión para estudios o indagaciones en el plano de núcleos de investigación en enfermería. La autora hace la critica en favor de conceptos y categorías del conocer y en lo que concierne a enfermería en cuanto "ciencia en vías de ser y hacer". Apunta para el riesgo de confundirse, de un lado, con el plano pragmáticoasistencial (trabajo y operaciones prácticas) y, del otro, con el plano gnoseológico-epistemológico (trabajo teórico-académico en la búsqueda de verdades aproximadas). Coloca sus argumentos/ justificaciones lógicas para las distinciones entre el interés del sujeto investigador (plano de la Subjetividad) y otros apropiados para la construcción científica (plano de la Objetividad).<br>This article handles the objectivity in the relation to subject-object within the phenomenon knowledge field and concern for nursing research and studies. An approach of the theoretical-philosophical effect lies on an intermediary sphere - instrumental/organizational on behalf of possible approximated trues formalization. This sphere is also understood as the image sphere or a formal space (virtual locus?) from transference of determinations or objective characters. The analysis is a gnoseological-epistemological nature, without deep intentions, in regard to achieving the comprehension for studies or seeking inquiries in the field of nursing research nucleus. The author stressed the criticism in favor of concepts and categories dominion, regarding the act of knowing and nursing concern as a "science-on way of making itself". She drew the attention to a misunderstanding risk, thats on one side, a pragmatic and assistential plan (work and practical operations); on the other hand, a gnoseologicalepistemological paltern (theoretical-academic work from the approximated trues searching). Besides, she put forward arguments and logical rationale, referring to the distinctions between the subject and researcher&#8217;s concerns (Subjectivity level and other appropriated one to the scientific framework - objectivity level)

Situações vivenciadas pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem na assistência ao portador de tuberculose pulmonar La asistencia al portador de tuberculosis pulmonar bajo la óptica de los trabajadores de enfermería Nursing workers' experiences in care for pulmonary tuberculosis patients

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os aspectos positivos e negativos relacionados à assistência prestada ao portador de tuberculose pulmonar, com base nos relatos dos trabalhadores de enfermagem de uma unidade de isolamento. Categorizamos os relatos de 26 trabalhadores de enfermagem (enfermeiros, auxiliares, técnicos e atendentes de enfermagem), com referências positivas e negativas. Obtivemos 24 relatos, dos quais extraímos um total de 94 (100%) situações, sendo 38 (40,5%) consideradas positivas e 56 (59,5%) negativas. As categorias de situações que apresentaram maior frequência foram relacionadas às orientações sobre o tratamento, aos sentimentos vivenciados pelo paciente em relação à sua doença e ao despreparo da equipe de enfermagem.<br>La finalidad de este estudio fue identificar los aspectos positivos y negativos relacionados a la atención prestada al portador de tuberculosis pulmonar, con base en los informes de los trabajadores de enfermería de una unidad de aislamiento. Categorizamos los informes de 26 trabajadores de enfermería (enfermeros, auxiliares, técnicos y asistentes de enfermería. Obtuvimos 24 relatos, con un total de 94 (100%) situaciones, de las cuales 38 (40,5%) fueron considerados positivos y 56 (59,5%) negativos. Las categorías de situaciones con mayor frecuencia estaban relacionadas a las orientaciones sobre el tratamiento, a los sentimientos vividos por el paciente respecto a su enfermedad y a la falta de preparación del equipo de enfermería.<br>This descriptive study aimed to identify the positive and negative aspects related to nursing care for pulmonary tuberculosis patients, based on the reports of nursing workers at an isolation unit. We categorized the reports of 26 nursing workers (nurses, auxiliaries, technicians and nursing attendants) in terms of positive and negative references. We obtained 24 reports, resulting in 94 (100%) situations, 38 (40.5%) of which were seen as positive and 56 (59.5%) as negative. The most frequent categories of situations were related to treatment orientations, to the patient's feelings about the disease and the nursing team's lack of preparedness