Transfer Pricing Equity: An Examination of Reported Revenue versus Expected Revenue

This research examines whether African crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGLs) sales revenue deviates from expected sales revenue based on market prices. The deviation may be the result of International Oil Companies (IOCs) transferring a significant amount of crude oils and NGLs to other regions of the world to be turned into finished goods, due to the lack of refining capacity in Africa. This situation suggests that the African region’s governments are placed at a significant disadvantage from profiting off the crude oils and NGLs reserves in their countries because they cannot turn the majority of crude oils and NGLs into finished goods within their country. Thus, IOCs use the accounting concept known as transfer pricing, which allows for goods to be transferred between related enterprises where the integrity of whether the goods were sold at fair market value can be questioned. The use of transfer pricing enables an IOC to shift taxable revenue to different countries where the IOCs operate. IOCs would want to shift revenues from one country to another in an effort to lower their global tax liability. They would accomplish this by shifting revenues from higher tax countries to lower tax countries, and unethical uses of transfer pricing would allow them to achieve this task. This research seeks to determine if revenue is being transferred out of or into Africa during the downstream function of the IOCs’ operations

Straight from the Source: Mediation Dos and Don\u27ts... from the Party\u27s and Litigator\u27s Perspectives

A facilitated panel of AAA-ICDR-AAAMediation.org executives, practitioners, and academics discuss take-aways from the ABA Dispute Resolution Section\u27s 2017 study, AAA\u27s 2018 national survey of advocates, and other research in mediation. Ethical implications of parties\u27 preferred techniques will be considered in terms of the Florida Rules for Certified Mediators, Chapter 44, and MEAC Opinions

The Preparation of Dibromoamine and its Reaction with Grignard Reagents

Dibromoamine was prepared by passing dry ammonia into a cold ethereal solution of bromine. The reaction may be represented by the equation: 3 NH3 + 2 Br2 → NHBr2 + 2 NH4Br. A study of the decomposition rates of the dibromoamine solution at 0° and -72° shows that the product decomposes very rapidly at 0°, but it is relatively stable at the lower temperature. Dibromoamine reacts with Grignard reagents to produce primary amines, secondary amines, ammonia, and nitrogen. The percentage yields of these products obtained in two typical reactions were as follows: for n-butyl magnesium chloride; n-butylamine 7.8 per cent, di-n-butylamine 2.2 per cent, ammonia 79.0 per cent, nitrogen 5.9 per cent; for benzyl magnesium chloride; benzylamine 29.6 per cent, dibenzylamine 5.5 per cent, ammonia 42.8 per cent, nitrogen 4.7 per cent

Pyrolidines from Primary Amines

Pyrrolidine has been prepared from n-butylamine by heating N-chloro-N-acyl derivatives of the amine with concentrated sulfuric acid. N -chloro-N-butylacetamide underwent ring closure with the formation of pyrrolidine in SO per cent yields when heated with 95 per cent sulfuric acid for one hour at 130-140°. With 99.5 per cent acid the percentage yield was much lower. N-chloro-N-n-butyl-p-toluenesulfonamide when heated with 95 per cent sulfuric acid for thirty minutes at 140° formed pyrrolidine in 50 per cent yields. In both cases considerable amounts of n-butylamine were also formed