Sound Scholarship: Scope, Purpose, Function and Potential of Phonorecord Archives

published or submitted for publicatio

Environmental management in development : the evolution of paradigms

In the past quarter century, environmental management has increasingly become a concern of governments. More recently, the traditional split between developers and conservationists has begun to break down. Conceptions of what is economically and technologically practical, ecologically necessary, and politically feasible are rapidly changing. This report discusses the implications of five paradigms of environmental management in development. The author notes that the remedial legalistic approach of environmental management is breaking down. Instead, interest in the more economically integrated approach of resource management has recently taken hold. Several interdependent forces indicate that improving the economic management of pollution and resources may be a necessary but insufficient measure to create the conditions for sustainable development. The perception of tradeoffs between development and environmental quality persists in the present debate, but its necessity is greatly exaggerated, according to this paper. Finally, it is noted that paradigms may be impervious to evidence, and institutions and societies too difficult to change. Whether, when and how these issues are resolved may be modern civilization's most significant test.Environmental Economics&Policies,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Natural Resources Management,Agricultural Research

Letter from William E. Colby to William F. Bade, 1910 Aug 2.

To explore, enjoy, and render accessible the mountain regions of the Pacific Coast; to publish authentic information concerning them; to enlist the support and co-operation of the people and the Government in preserving the forests and other natural features of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. SIERRA CLUB 303 MILLS BUILDING San Francisco, Cal.Board of Directors-1909-1910Mr. John Muir, President MartinezProf. A. G. McAdie, Vice-President San FranciscoProf. J. N. Le Conte, Treasurer BerkeleyMr. William E. Colby, Secretary San FranciscoProf. Wm. F. Bade BerkeleyProf. E. C. Franklin Stanford UniversityProf. W. C. Morgan BerkeleyMr. E. T. Parsons San FranciscoMr. Willoughby Rodman Los AngelesOuting CommitteeMr. Wm. E. Colby, ChairmanProf. J. N. La Conte Mr. E. T. ParsonsHonorary Vice-PresidentsProf. George Davidson San FranciscoMr. R. U. Johnson The Century, New YorkPres. David Starr Jordan Stanford UniversityMr. Gifford Pinchot Washington. D. C. Committee on PublicationsMr. Elliott McAllister, Editor San FranciscoProf. Wm. F. Bade. Book Reviews BerkeleyProf. Wm. R. Dudley, Forestry Notes Stanford Univ.Prof. J. E. Church, Jr. Prof. W. C. MorganMr. Alex. G. Eella Mr. E. T. Parson.Mr. J. S. Hutchinson. Jr. Prof. H. W. RolfeSan Francisco, Aug. 2, 1910,Dr. Wm. F. Bade,Editorial Rooms THE INDEPENDENT,130 Fulton St., New York.My Dear Bade:-Each time I read your editorial, the finer I think it is, and I am writing to ascertain whether it is still in type, and if so whether we could not make some arrangement to have 1000 copies of these 3 pages struck off, and we would arrange to pay for them. It would be best if it could be put on one sheet. We would send it to all of the Women\u27s Clubs, and it would be sort of an Ad for THE INDEPENDENT as well, if it contained the heading of Page 201.I find upon search, that we sent the only copy we had of the Commonwealth Hearings to Mr.Whitman, so I hope that you got copy of the Pinchot letter from him.We are looking forward with pleasure to your homecoming.Sincerely yours,[ILLEGIBLE]0629

Electrochemical detection of fentanyl using screen-printed carbon electrodes with confirmatory analysis of fentanyl and its analogs in oral fluid using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Utilizing screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), a fast, simple, and sensitive approach toward the detection, identification, and quasi-quantitation of fentanyl was achieved both in an electrochemical cell and as a drop on the electrode surface. Electro-oxidation of fentanyl at the electrode was demonstrated using adsorptive stripping square-wave voltammetry between -0.5 V and +1.6 V with 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.5 as supporting electrolyte. Parameter optimization was conducted during method development to include supporting electrolyte and pH, electrochemical technique, pre-treatment and equilibration time, and various surface modifications. The simplest method utilizing an unmodified SPCE was determined to be appropriate for the identification of fentanyl. Electro-oxidation of the fentanyl compound was observed to occur as an irreversible process due to both diffusion to the electrode surface and oxidation of adsorbed species on the working electrode. The resulting voltammograms demonstrated the presence of two oxidation peaks at 750 mV (peak I) and 880 mV (peak II) versus a pseudo-Ag/AgCl reference. Fentanyl oxidation was observed at concentrations of ~76 ng/mL in cell and ~300 ng/mL in a 100 mL drop. Statistical limits of detection were determined to be slightly above the observable oxidation peaks with limits of detection of 145 ng/mL for the cell method and 530 ng/mL for the drop method. Reproducibility between electrodes, assessed as the average relative standard deviation (RSD), for peak I and peak II in the cell was 12% and 18%, respectively. RSD in the drop was 13% and 15% for peaks I and II. Accuracy of the detection method was determined in the cell by analyzing single-blind samples prepared in the laboratory and demonstrated better accuracy in lower concentrations of fentanyl versus higher concentrations. The effects of interfering compounds were considered due to the likelihood of fentanyl being found in mixtures. Quinine and cocaine were found to interfere with peak II, while peak I remained identifiable except when present with large concentrations of interferent. Methamphetamine was observed to have a similar effect although drastically reduced in comparison to both quinine and cocaine. Acetaminophen and caffeine did not produce interfering signals. Analysis at various ratios of the compounds demonstrated that the identification of fentanyl could still be achieved through the presence of peak I. The oxidative mechanism of fentanyl was proposed based on the literature available for the oxidation of amines and voltammetric data present for fentanyl and related compounds. The proposed mechanism rejects some previously hypothesized oxidation mechanisms of tertiary amines where the presence of two peaks was observed. It was suggested that a two-step oxidation process of the tertiary amine followed by the oxidation of the newly formed secondary amine product resulted in the two observable peaks. However, this work agrees with literature supporting the effect of adsorption of the tertiary diamine to the electrode surface. This mechanism is presented herein, whereby the observed oxidation peaks result from the adsorbed species and the diffusion of the species to the electrode surface, owing to the difference in peak potentials for peak I and peak II. A confirmatory LC/MS/MS method for the analysis of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in oral fluid was developed and validated. Optimization of fragmentor voltage, collision energy, and fragmentation ions was achieved and used in the construction of a dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM) method. Chromatographic separation demonstrated resolution between 13 fentanyl-related compounds along with 7 internal standards. The calibration model used was linear with a weighting of 1/x between the range of 0.1 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL. The limit of detection for the majority of drugs was determined to be 0.01 ng/mL with the limit of quantitation at the lowest calibrator of 0.1 ng/mL with correlation coefficients between 0.9992-0.9999. Bias, precision, matrix effects, recovery, and process efficiency were assessed and were within the guideline range for acceptability for the majority of analytes assessed using a solid-phase extraction procedure with spiked oral fluid. Twelve commonly encountered illicit drugs were used to assess selectivity. No interferences were found for fentanyl or its analogs. Stability was assessed for processed samples kept at room temperature in auto-sampler and the freezer, as well as, for freeze/thaw stability. The majority of analytes were considered stable under all conditions for up to 72 hours. Together these two methods demonstrate the identification and quasi-quantitation of fentanyl through electrochemical oxidation and confirmatory analysis via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The combined use of these techniques seeks to emulate the SWGDRUG requirement, although electrochemistry has, to this point, not been included in the list of acceptable techniques. Other work contained herein demonstrates assessment of various electrode modification techniques to improve the signal of fentanyl, attempts at enzymatic detection of codeine and fentanyl utilizing cytochrome P450 isozymes 2D6 and 3A4, and electrochemical detection of the synthetic cannabinoid PB-22

Letter from W[illia]m E. Colby to John Muir, 1907 Apr 16.

[in margin: Colby on Yo & [illegible]]Apr. 16-07My dear Mr. Muir: I have hoped in vain to be able to go up to see you \u27ere this but I was away a whole month trying a case & then Mrs. Colby did not wish me to leave her & now two babies in the family keep me at home during my spare hours. I have wanted to talk over Yosemite & [illegible] affairs with you. Garfield - the new Secretary of the Interior, informs me that Congress only appropriated $30,000. for the Yosemite Park this year but this03865 Apr. 16, \u2707.My dear Mr. Muir:I have hoped in vain to be able to go up to see you ere this, but I was away a whole month -- trying a case, and then Mrs. Colby did not wish me to leave her and now two babies in the family keep me at home during my spare hours.I have wanted to talk over Yosemite and Outing affairs with you. Garfield -- the new Secretary of the Interior, informs me that Congress only appropriated$30,000 for the Yosemite Park this year, but this is quite a gain over State appropriation, especially when one considers that there are no salaries and travelling expenses to deplete it -- and every cent of that amount goes into actual improvement.I have in mind getting up a report on the Yosemite this summer since our Outing will be there and presenting it to Congress next Fall. We could formulate some definite plan for the future and work to the accomplishment of that end. What do you think of this?I hope that you will be with us on our Outing for a few days at least this summer. It will be very easy for you to run up on the railroad and come in with us and spend a few daus in the Tuolumne meadows. We will arrange everything for you and it will not necessitate a moment\u27s planning on your part nor cost you a cent. We expect to have a large pack train which will have very little to do except when our main party is moving in or out and we can meet you at any time or take you out any time. Couldn\u27t you bring Helen with you? It will be a great favor to me and a great pleasure to us all if you will come for the whole Outing, of even for a few days.Very sincerely,Wm. E. Colby0386

Letter from William E. Colby to William F. Bade, 1910 Aug 20.

San Francisco,Aug.20, 1910.Dr. Wm. F. Bade,Berkeley, Cal. My Dear Bade:-The Club is going to have a dinner at Tait\u27s next Friday evening, at which a great many of our old outing friends will attend. I wish you to be Mrs. Colby\u27s a and my guest on that occasion.We will meet at Tait\u27s at 6.30, in the private dining room upstairs. Don\u27t miss it, because it is going to be one of the best reunions we have ever had.I will see you in the near future, and I hope before Friday. Am anxious to discuss a number of important matters.Very sincerely yours,[illegible]0629

Letter from W[illia]m E. Colby to John Muir, 1905 Feb 24.

To explore, enjoy, and render accessible the mountain regions of the Pacific Coast; to publish authentic information concerning them; to enlist the support and co-operation of the people and the Government in preserving the forests and other natural features of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. [illegible] BOARD OF DIRECTORS—1904-1905Mr. JOHN MUIR, President .... MartinezProf. A. G. MCADIE, Vice-President . Mills Bldg., S. F. Prof. J. N. LE CONTH, Treasurer . BerkeleyProf. W. R. DUDLEY, Cor.Sec’y . Stanford UniversityMr. WILLIAM E. COLBY, Secretary . Mills Bldg., S. F. Prof. GEORGE DAVIDSON ..BerkeleyMr. J. S. HUTCHINSON, Jr. Claus Spreckels Bldg., S. F. Mr. WARREN OLNEY . IOI Sansome St., S. F. Mr. E. T. PARSONS . . University Club, S. F. (Vice Mr. ELLIOTT MCALLISTER, resigned) COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS: Pres. DAVID STARR JORDAN, Chairman Stanford Univ. Mr. ELLIOTT MCALLISTER, Editor Crocker Bldg., S. F. Prof. WM. F. BADE. . . . . . . . . . BerkeleyProf. WM. R. DUDLEY . . . Stanford UniversityMr. ALEX. G. EELLS . . . Crocker Bldg., S. F. Mr. E. B. GOULD . Mutual Savings Bank Bldg., S. F. Mr. J. S. HUTCHINSON, Jr. Claus Spreckels Bldg., S. F. Mr. E. T. PARSONS University Club, S. F. Prof. H. W. ROLFE . . . Stanford UniversityMr. WILLOUGHBY RODMAN Bryson Block, Los AngelesSan Francisco, Cal., Feb. 24, 1905. Mr. John Muir, President Sierra Club, Martinez, Cal. My Dear Mr. Muir: After all our hard work in this Recession matter, it is a great satisfaction to learn that the desired result has been accomplished. The bill had a very close call in the Senate since two of our friends were absent and two men that we had counted on to vote with us went over to the enemy so that we fell 4 votes short of what we had expected, but favorable influences were at work and we gained three votes that we had not counted on, just enough to carry the bill. The Golden-haired Shortridge finally voted in favor of the bill explaining that so many of his constituents had demanded it that he could not overlook their wishes. To make the contest all the more exciting, another Senator whom we had counted on refused to vote on the question until the Senate demanded that he vote one way or the other and when forced to do so cast his vote with us, making the necessary twenty-one. Still another Senator whom we had counted on all along announced a very short time before the vote that he thought that the bill was not going to carry and hence to satisfy some of his constituents who had asked him to vote against it, he was going to do so, but being reassured at the last moment03532 To explore, enjoy, and render accessible the mountain regions of the Pacific Coast; to publish authentic information concerning them; to enlist the support and cooperation of the people and the Government in preserving the forests and other natural features of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. [illegible] BOARD OP DIRECTORS—1904-1905Mr. JOHN MUIR, President . MartinezProf. A. G. MCADIB, Vice-President . Mills Bldg., S. F. Prof. J. N. LB CONTE, Treasurer . . BerkeleyProf. W. R. DUDLEY, Cor. Sec\u27y . StanfordUniversityMr. WILLIAM E. COLBY, Secretary . Mills Bldg., S. F.Prof. GEORGE DAVIDSON .... BerkeleyMr. J. S. HUTCHINSON, Jr. Claus Spreckels Bldg., S. F. Mr. WARREN OLNEY . . IOI Sansome St., S. F. Mr. E. T. PARSONS . . . University Club, S. F. (Vice Mr. ELLIOTT MCALLISTER, resignedCOMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS: Pres. DAVID STARR JORDAN, Chairman Stanford Univ. Mr. ELLIOTT MCALLISTER, Editor Crocker Bldg., S. F. Prof. WM. F. BAD&E acute; . . . . BerkeleyProf. WM. R. DUDLEY . . . Stanford UniversityMr. ALEX. G. EELLS . . . Crocker Bldg., S. F. Mr. E. B. GOULD . Mutual Savings Bank Bldg., S. F. Mr. J. S. HUTCHINSON, Jr. Claus Spreckels Bldg., S. F. Mr. E. T. PARSONS . . . University Club, S. F. Prof. H. W. ROLFE Stanford UniversityMr. WILLOUGHBY RODMAN Bryson Block, Los AngelesMr. Muir- 2that the bill would carry, he cast his vote with us. You will probably note the Hand of Providence guiding matters through all this doubt. Now that it is all over it is necessary for us to turn our attention to the other side of the question and direct our energies on Washington. We must, if possible, try and persuade the President and Secretary of the Interior that it is possible for them to assume control of the Valley at once without the necessity of a Congressional act. Our friend Johnson may be able to help in this relation. I enclose a copy of the bill as passed which you can send on to him. Our idea is that the President, by proclamation or otherwise, has power to accept the Recession but an appropriation is necessary to care for the Valley. I enclose the clippings you asked for. Very truly yours, [illegible]0353

Letter from W[illia]m E. Colby to John Muir, 1908 May 5.

To explore, enjoy, and render accessible the mountain regions of the Pacific Coast; to publish authentic information concerning them; to enlist the support and co-operation of the people and the Government in preserving the forests and other natural features of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. SIERRA CLUBMills BuildingSan Francisco, Cal.Board of Directors—1907-1908Mr. John Muir, President MartinezProf. A. G. McAdie, Vice-President San FranciscoProf. J. N. Le Conte. Treasurer BerkeleyMr. William B. Colby, Secretary BerkeleyProf. Wm. F. Bade BerkeleyProf. George Davidson San FranciscoProf. W. R. Dudley Stanford UniversityMr. Warren Olney San FranciscoMr. B. T. Parsons San FranciscoOuting CommitteeMr. Wm. B. Colby, Chairman Prof. J. N. Le Conte Mr. E. T. ParsonsHonorary Vice-PresidentsProf. George Davidson San FranciscoMr. R. U. Johnson The Century, New YorkPres. David Starr Jordan Stanford UniversityMr. Gifford Pinchot Washington, D. C.Committee on PublicationsMr. Elliott McAllister, Editor San FranciscoProf. Wm. F. Bade, Book Reviews BerkeleyProf. Wm. R. Dudley, Forestry Notes . Stanford Univ.Mr. Alex. G. Bells Prof. H. W. RolfeMr. B. T. Parsons Mr. Willoughby RodmanSan Franoisco, May 5th, 1908,Mr.John Muir, Martinez, Cal.My Dear Mr.Muir:-I am enolosing you telegram just received from Mr. McFarland, President of the American Civic Association.He is one of our strongest fighters in the East, and I trust that you will comply with his request, as he will make good use of it.The Governors of the oountry meet in oonferenoe to discuss the Conservation of natural resources. Mr. McFarland is there at the speoial invitation of the President, and will deliver an address on the importanoe of natural scenery as a natural resource. A brief letter from you giving your views on the importance of this question, in a few sentences, bringing in the Hetch-Hetchy Valley, as he suggests, will help us tremendously in our fight. I hope you will attend to this right away, as the Convention meets May 13th, and there is just time for a letter to reach him.Address him, J.Horace MoFarland,President American Civio Assn.,Harrisburg, Pa.Sincerely yours,[illegible]0417

Letter from W[illia]m E. Colby to John Muir, 1908 Apr 16.

To explore, enjoy, and render accessible the mountain regions of the Pacific Coast; to publish authentic information concerning them; to enlist thesupport and co-operation of the people and the Government in preserving the forests and other natural features of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. SIERRA CLUBMills BuildingSan Francisco, Cal.Board of Directors—1907-1908Mr. John Muir, President MartinezProf. A. G. McAdie, Vice-President San FranciscoProf. J. N. Le Conte, Treasurer BerkeleyMr. William E. Colby, Secretary BerkeleyProf. Wm. F. Bade BerkeleyProf. George Davidson San FranciscoProf. W. R. Dudley Stanford UniversityMr. Warren Olney San FranciscoMr. E. T. Parsons San FranciscoOuting CommitteeMr. Wm. E. Colby, ChairmanProf. J. N. Le Conte Mr. E. T.ParsonsHonorary Vice-PresidentsProf. George Davidson San FranciscoMr. R. U. Johnson The Century, New YorkPres. David Starr Jordan Sanford UniversityMr. Gifford Pinchot Washington, D. C.Committee on PublicationsMr. Elliott McAllister, Editor San FranciscoProf. Wm. F. Bade, Book Reviews BerkeleyProf. Wm. R. Dudley, Forestry Notes . Stanford Univ.Mr. Alex. G. Eells Prof. H. W. RolfeMr. E. T. Parsons Mr. Willoughby Rodman San Francisco, April 16, 1908.Mr.John Muir,Daggett, Mohave Co., Cal.My Dear Mr. Muir:-We had a meeting of the Board of Directors the other day, and when they learned of your reoent illness, they instructed me to write to you and express their sympathy, and also to tell you how glad they were to learn of your recovery.Very sincerely yours,[illegible]0413

Letter from W[illia]m E. Colby to John Muir, 1902 May 21.

To explore, enjoy, and render accessible the mountain regions of the Pacific. Coast; to publish authentic information concerning them; to enlist the support and co-operation of the people and the Government in preserving the forests and other natural feature\u27s of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.BOARD OF DIRECTORS-1902-1903.Mr. John Muir...PresidentMr. Elliott McALLISTER...Vice-PresidentMr. J. N. LECONTE...TreasurerProf. W. R. DUDLEY...Corresponding SecretaryMr. WILLIAM E. COLBY...Recording SecretaryRoom 25, Eighth Floor, Mills Iiuilding.San Francisco.Prof. GEORGE DAVIDSON, Prof.DAVID STARR JORDAN,Mr.WARREN GREOORY,Mr. WARREN OLNEY.Vice Prof. c. B. Bradley, resigned,CHAIRMAN COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATI0N:Pros.DAVID STAR JORDON.Mr.J.S.HUTCHINSON.jr...Assistant EditorClaus Spreckels BuildingMERCHANTS\u27EXCHANGE BUILDINGSAN FRANCISCO,CAL.May 21, 1902.Mr. John Muir,Martinez, Cal.My dear Mr. Muir:-Things are booming an regards the outing and I hope that you will stand by me, as I need all the assistance possible.We are going to have a Mich finer crowd of people, even, than last year and they all askt the first thing, if you are going to he with us, and every now and then I hear alarming reports from some one who has heard that you have decided not to visit the Canon.I meant to have written you before this and to have stated that if it is your pleasure that your daughters should accompany our party that their deposits will be offact by What the (Blub owes you from 3 ast year, the balance I believe being $50.00, of course, if you make up your own party than I will see that the$50.00 is refunded you some tine soon, but I hope that this is not the case and. that you will not take the trouble and time to make up a separate oanp outfit and party, for you can just as well come in with ua, and we will make everything as comfortable as possible for you and the girls.You naist remember that you coiae as a guest of the committee and your daughters deposits are already settled.Have you heard anything recently frou Dr. Merriam and do you know of his movements? Could you not write him a letter and[03007] To explore, enjoy, and render accessible the mountain regions of the Pacific Coast; to publish authentic information concerning them; to enlist the support and co-operation of the people and the Government in preserving the forests and other natural features of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. BOARD OF DIRECTORS --1902-1903.Mr. JOHN MUIR... PresidentMr. ELLIOTT MCALLISTER... Vice-PresidentMr. J. N. LECONTE... TreasurerProf. W. R. DUDLEY.. Corresponding SecretaryMr. WILLIAM E. COLBY.. Recording SecretaryRoom 25, Eighth Floor, Mills Building, San Francisco.Prof. GEORGE DAVIDSON, Pres. DAVID STARR JORDAN,Mr. WARREN GREGORY, Mr. WARREN OLNEY.(Vice Prof. C. B. Bradley, resigned.)CHAIRMAN COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION:Pres. DAVID STARR JORDAN.Mr. J. S. HUTCHINSON, Jr... Assistant EditorClaus Spreckels Buildingstir him up a little and find out just what he is going to do? Kindly let me hear from you so that I may be reassured about your going.With best regards for yourself and Mrs. Muir and the girls, I am,Very sincerely yours,[illegible]0300