Cross-talk between GABAergic postsynapse and microglia regulate synapse loss after brain ischemia.

Microglia interact with neurons to facilitate synapse plasticity; however, signal(s) contributing to microglia activation for synapse elimination in pathology are not fully understood. Here, using in vitro organotypic hippocampal slice cultures and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in genetically engineered mice in vivo, we report that at 24 hours after ischemia, microglia release brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to downregulate glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses within the peri-infarct area. Analysis of the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) in vitro shows that proBDNF and mBDNF downregulate glutamatergic dendritic spines and gephyrin scaffold stability through p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75 <sup>NTR</sup> ) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptors, respectively. After MCAO, we report that in the peri-infarct area and in the corresponding contralateral hemisphere, similar neuroplasticity occurs through microglia activation and gephyrin phosphorylation at serine-268 and serine-270 in vivo. Targeted deletion of the Bdnf gene in microglia or GphnS268A/S270A (phospho-null) point mutations protects against ischemic brain damage, neuroinflammation, and synapse downregulation after MCAO

The forebrain synaptic transcriptome is organized by clocks but its proteome is driven by sleep

Neurons have adapted mechanisms to traffic RNA and protein into distant dendritic and axonal arbors. Taking a biochemical approach, we reveal that forebrain synaptic transcript accumulation shows overwhelmingly daily rhythms, with two-thirds of synaptic transcripts showing time-of-day-dependent abundance independent of oscillations in the soma. These transcripts formed two sharp temporal and functional clusters, with transcripts preceding dawn related to metabolism and translation and those anticipating dusk related to synaptic transmission. Characterization of the synaptic proteome around the clock demonstrates the functional relevance of temporal gating for synaptic processes and energy homeostasis. Unexpectedly, sleep deprivation completely abolished proteome but not transcript oscillations. Altogether, the emerging picture is one of a circadian anticipation of messenger RNA needs in the synapse followed by translation as demanded by sleep-wake cycles

Avaliação da implantação do Método Canguru por gestores, profissionais e mães de recém-nascidos Evaluation of the implementation of Kangaroo Care by health administrators, professionals, and mothers of newborn infants

Trata-se de estudo de avaliação qualitativa que buscou compreender dificuldades e facilidades da implantação do Método Canguru em maternidades brasileiras capacitadas pelo Ministério da Saúde sob a ótica de profissionais de saúde, gestores e mães de recém-nascidos de baixo peso atendidos nesses serviços. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas durante visita in loco as maternidades. Utilizou-se a análise estrutural de narração como método de análise dos dados. Os principais núcleos avaliativos centrais identificados foram: importância do método para a assistência ao recém nascido; importância do apoio institucional para a sustentabilidade do método. Para o aprofundamento da reflexão sobre os resultados encontrados, o referencial teórico da análise institucional foi fundamental. Apesar das resistências, a institucionalização do método está sendo realizada nas maternidades, porém, há necessidade de se manter capacitações periódicas e de se alocar maiores recursos que permitam melhorar a infraestrutura dos serviços, refletindo na humanização do cuidado de forma mais efetiva.<br>This was a qualitative evaluation study aimed at both shedding light on the challenges and facilitating implementation of Kangaroo Care in Ministry of Health-accredited maternity care facilities in Brazil, from the standpoint of healthcare professionals and administrators and mothers of low birth weight newborns. Semi-structured on-site interviews were conducted at the maternity centers. The study used structural narrative analysis with the data analysis method. Key evaluative focal points identified were the method's importance in neonatal care and institutional support for its sustainability. As for the findings, the theoretical concept of institutional analysis was essential for achieving more in-depth reflection. Despite some resistance, the method is being implemented effectively in maternity care facilities; however, the study shows the need for periodic training and more resource allocation to enable improvement in the service's infrastructure, thereby resulting in more effective humanization of care