Raba avgmentiranih preteklih glagolskih časov v stari indijščini

Članek skuša z enega zornega kota osvetliti slabo raziskano problematiko sintakse staroindijskega glagola. Avtorica prikaže različne načine rabe vedskih in klasičnih avgmentiranih glagolskih časov in analizira funkcionalno razliko med njimi, natančneje, razliko v rabi imperfekta in aorista glede na njun indikativen pomen, kot se najde v pomembnih delih klasične književnosti Rigvedi

RORγt + Treg to Th17 ratios correlate with susceptibility to Giardia infection

Funder: Fundacion Alfonso Martin EscuderoFunder: RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000268Funder: Isaac Newton Trust; doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004815Abstract: Infections with Giardia are among the most common causes of food and water-borne diarrheal disease worldwide. Here, we investigated Th17, Treg and IgA responses, and alterations in gut microbiota in two mouse lines with varying susceptibility to Giardia muris infection. Infected BALB/c mice shed significantly more cysts compared with C57BL/6 mice. Impaired control of infection in BALB/c mice was associated with lower Th17 activity and lower IgA levels compared with C57BL/6 mice. The limited metabolic activity, proliferation and cytokine production of Th17 cells in BALB/c mice was associated with higher proportions of intestinal Foxp3+RORγt+ regulatory T cells and BALB/c mice developed increased RORγt+ Treg:Th17 ratios in response to G. muris infection. Furthermore, G. muris colonization led to a significantly reduced evenness in the gut microbial communities of BALB/c mice. Our data indicate that differential susceptibility to Giardia infections may be related to RORγt+ Treg controlling Th17 activity and that changes in the microbiota composition upon Giardia infection partially depend on the host background

BANK CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT

Banke se pri svojem poslovanju srečujejo s številnimi tveganji. Ker je ena od njihovih osnovnih dejavnosti dajanje kreditov, so najbolj izpostavljene kreditnemu tveganju. Kreditno tveganje je tveganje nastanka izgube zaradi neizpolnitve obveznosti dolžnika do banke. Kreditnemu tveganju se ni mogoče izogniti, ga pa je mogoče zmanjšati. S tem namenom banke upravljajo in obvladujejo kreditno tveganje, ki so mu izpostavljene. Pri tem so omejene z zakonskimi predpisi. Oba procesa morata potekati kontinuirano. Upravljanje s kreditnim tveganjem zajema identifikacijo, merjenje oziroma ocenjevanje, prenos in zavarovanje kreditnega tveganja, ki mu je ali bi mu banka pri svojem poslovanju lahko bila izpostavljena. Politika obvladovanja kreditnega tveganja zahteva celostni pristop analiziranja in spremljanja posameznega posojilojemalca skozi celotno dobo trajanja posojila. Zajema ugotavljanje kreditne sposobnosti in bonitete dolžnika, razvrščanje terjatev po tveganosti v skupine ter oblikovanje splošnih in posebnih rezervacij. Poleg tega mora banka tudi zagotoviti, da glede na vrsto in obseg poslov ter tveganja, ki jim je izpostavljena, vedno razpolaga z zadostno količino kapitala. Pomembne novosti na področju ravnanja s tveganji prinaša Novi kapitalski sporazum, ki je sestavljen iz treh stebrov. To so minimalna kapitalska zahteva, regulativni nadzor in tržna disciplina. Osrednji steber, imenovan minimalne kapitalske zahteve, predvideva izračun minimalnih kapitalskih zahtev na dva načina. To sta standardizirani pristop in pristop temelječ na internih sistemih razvrščanja komitentov. Regulativni nadzor je kritičen kvalitativen dodatek prvemu stebru kapitalskega sporazuma, saj predstavlja formalizacijo obstoječega nadzora kapitala in kapitalske ustreznosti bank. Tretji steber, tržna disciplina, predstavlja nekakšno zaokrožitev prvih dveh stebrov. Bankam nalaga javno razkritje določenih podatkov iz poslovanja, kar tržnim udeležencem omogoča realnejšo izbiro med bankami. Cilj vsake banke je, da z ustreznimi celostnimi ukrepi in upoštevanjem vseh notranjih in zunanjih predpisov, do določenih okvirov zajezi kreditno tveganje. Kajti le to ji lahko omogoča obstanek in uspešno poslovanje.During their operations commercial banks come across many risks. One of their basic activities is granting credits therefore their main exposure is to credit risk. Credit risk is the risk of loss due to a debtor\u27s non-payment of a loan or another line of credit. Banks cannot avoid credit risk, but with the right approach they can reduce it. To achieve that, banks must constantly manage credit risk according to legal rules and regulations. Risk management should be a constant procedure that includes identification, measurement, transfer and insurance of credit risk, to which a bank is or could be exposed. Credit risk management policy demands an integral approach to analyzing and tracking individual loaner during the entire loan period. It includes credit rating and creditworthiness assessment, claim classification and special and general reservation forming. The bank must also, as to its type and volume of business and the rank of risks to which is exposed, assure sufficient capital disposal. Relating to credit risk management significant novelties have been brought by The New Basel Capital Accord, also known as Basel II, which is based on three complementary pillars. The pillars are minimal capital requirement, supervisory review process and market discipline. Basic pillar of Basel II, called minimal capital accord, defines two approaches to calculating capital requirements for credit risk, called standard approach and internal rating based approach (IRB approach). Supervisory review process should be understood as a critical and qualitative addition to the first pillar, because it represents the existent capital control practice formalization. The third pillar, called market discipline, represents the summery of first two pillars. It requires public disclosure of some of bank’s business data. Main goal of every bank is credit risk reduction using appropriate approaches and considering internal in external regulations. That is the key for its success

Ergonomic Analysis of Electrical Assembly Work at Height

Na primeru podjetja Elektro Celje, d. d., smo proučevali dejavnike in okoliščine nastanka nevarnih situacij in tveganj za razvoj različnih obolenj pri elektromonterjih ob izvajanju višinskih del na elektroenergetskem omrežju. S pomočjo metode OWAS smo opravili analizo obremenitev telesa pri dveh različnih načinih izvedbe višinskih del. Izsledke OWAS analize smo potrdili in nadgradili z izvedbo ankete o varnosti, zdravju in izpostavljenosti zaposlenih poklicnim obolenjem na delovnem mestu. Ugotovili smo, da prihaja pri opravljanju višinskih del do delovnih položajev in opravil, ki presegajo dovoljeno dnevno obremenitev in zato zahtevajo takojšnje, nujno ukrepanje (opravilo vzpenjanja na oporišče) ali ukrepanje v doglednem času (sklonjena hrbtenica v torziji, uporaba fizične sile nad 200 N, glava, sklonjena pod kotom 30° ali več). Zaznane pomanjkljivosti je mogoče delno odpraviti s povečano uporabo mehaniziranih pripomočkov, kjer lokacija izvedbe del to dopušča, sicer z reorganizacijo in optimizacijo delovnega procesa. Možne ergonomske rešitve, ki bi razbremenile delavca in povečale varnost pri delu, so: združevanje več delovnih skupin – s povečevanjem obsega timskega dela bi se skrajšal čas izvedbe posameznih delovnih operacij in dosegla večja učinkovitostsmiselna organizacija in aktivno upravljanje odmorov – z ustrezno dolžino, razporeditvijo in številom odmorov bi se čas kvarnih drž pri delu znižal na ustrezen nivoupoštevanje osebnih karakteristik delavcev pri dodeljevanju varnih in primernih delovnih zadolžitev v okviru delovnega procesa. Višji nivo zdravja pri delu bi dosegli z uvedbo celovite ocene telesne pripravljenosti delavcev v redne obdobne zdravniške preglede. Sistematično spremljanje telesnih zmogljivosti bi omogočilo premišljeno raz- in prerazporejanje delavcev na ustrezna delovna mesta znotraj podjetja. K večjemu ozaveščanju delavcev o nevarnostih in tveganjih na delovnem mestu bi pripomogla tudi revizija dokumenta Izjava o varnosti z oceno tveganja v smislu natančnejšega opisa višinskih del in ovrednotenja tveganja pri njihovem izvajanju.On the example of the company Elektro Celje, d. d., we studied the factors and circum-stances of the occurrence of dangerous situations and risks for the development of various diseases among electrical fitters when performing work at height on the pow-er grid. With the help of the OWAS method, we performed an analysis of body loads in two different ways of performing work at height. We confirmed and upgraded the re-sults of the OWAS analysis by conducting a survey on safety, health and employee exposure to occupational diseases at the workplace. We found that when performing work at height, there are working positions and tasks that exceed the permitted daily load and therefore require immediate, urgent action (the task of climbing to a sup-port) or action in the foreseeable future (bent spine in torsion, using use of physical force above 200 N, head bent at an angle of 30° or more). Perceived shortcomings can be partially eliminated by increased use of mechanized tools, where the location of the work execution allows, otherwise by reorganization and optimization of the work process. Possible ergonomic solutions that would relieve the worker and increase safe-ty at work are: combining several work groups - by increasing the scope of teamwork, the time required to perform individual work operations would be reduced and greater efficiency would be achievedmeaningful organization and active management of breaks - with the appropriate length, distribution and number of breaks, the time of poor postures at work would be reduced to an appropriate leveltaking into account the personal characteristics of workers when assigning safe and suitable work tasks within the framework of the work process. A higher level of health at work would be achieved by introducing a comprehensive assessment of workers\u27 physical fitness dur-ing regular periodical medical examinations. Systematic monitoring of physical capa-bilities would allow for the deliberate allocation and reassignment of workers to ap-propriate jobs within the company. A revision of the Safety Statement document with a risk assessment in the sense of a more precise description of work at height and risk assessment during their implementation would also help to raise workers\u27 awareness of dangers and risks in the workplace

Staining bacteriophages with fluorescein isothiocianate

Bakteriofagi so virusi, ki okužijo bakterije. Fagna terapija predstavlja alternativo zdravljenju bakterijskih okužb z antibiotiki. En od načinov za uspešno detekcijo bakteriofagov in dokazovanje infekcije sesalskih celic je kovalentna vezava fluorescentnega barvila s proteini na površini bakteriofagov. Da bi ugotovili, ali vezava barvila FITC na bakteriofage vpliva na njihovo fiziološko stanje, smo pri eksperimentalnem delu primerjali fagne rastne parametre za nepobarvane in pobarvane bakteriofage. Pobarvane bakteriofage smo uporabili tudi v samostojnem eksperimentu z namenom optimizacije protokola za določanje konstante adsorpcije.Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacterial cells. Phage therapy is an alternative to treatment of bacterial infections with antibiotics. One method for detection of phage pathway and to prove infection of mammalian cells is covalent bonding of a fluorescent pigment to proteins on the surface of bacteriophages. In experimental work phage growth parameters were determined and compared for unstained and stained bacteriophages to determine if FITC bonding has any effect on infectivity. Stained bacteriophages were used in an independent experiment to optimise the protocol for determining the adsorption rate