Biological Resolution of Virulence Genes of Salmonella Species from different Microbiomes

The pathogenic promiscuity of virulence associated macromolecules in Salmonella infection is a key driver to their wide epidemiology and curtailing  such distribution is contingent upon proper clarification of these virulence genes. This study was therefore aimed at determining the virulence  genes of Salmonella species from different microbiomes. To achieve this, a total of three hundred (300) biological specimens were aseptically  collected and processed for Salmonella presence using the BAM USFDA technique prior to their genotypic characterization while virulence gene  detection was carried out in a primer specific polymerase chain reaction. Results obtained depict the distribution of the following Salmonella species  viz; Salmonella gallinarum 19(26.39%), Salmonella heidelberg 19(26.39%), Salmonella enteritidis 18(25%) and Salmonella typhimurium  16(22.22%) while the occurrence of the virulence genes (InvA, SopE, AgfA and SpvC) were Salmonella enteritidis ( 7(38.8), 6(33.3), 9(50), 3(16.7),  Salmonella typhimurium ( 5(26.3), 3(15.8), 2(10.5), 7(36.8)), Salmonella heidelberg (0(0), 8(50), 4(25), 4(25), and Salmonella gallinarum (12(63.2),  6(31.6), 2(10.5), 7(36.8)) respectively. It was however found that the different microbiomes analyzed were ubiquitously rich in virulence genes  associated Salmonella species.   La promiscuité pathogène des macromolécules associées à la virulence dans l’infection à Salmonella est un facteur clé de leur large épidémiologie  et la réduction de cette distribution dépend de la clarification appropriée de ces gènes de virulence. Cette étude visait donc à déterminer les gènes  de virulence des espèces de Salmonella de différents microbiomes. Pour ce faire, un total de trois cents (300) échantillons biologiques ont été  collectés et traités de manière aseptique pour la présence de Salmonella à l’aide de la technique BAM USFDA avant leur caractérisation génotypique  tandis que la détection du gène de virulence a été effectuée dans une réaction en chaîne par polymérase spécifique à l’amorce. Les résultats  obtenus décrivent la distribution des espèces de Salmonella suivantes, à savoir ; Salmonella gallinarum 19(26,39%), Salmonella heidelberg  19(26,39%), Salmonella enteritidis 18(25%) et Salmonella typhimurium 16(22,22%) alors que la présence des gènes de virulence (InvA, SopE, AgfA et  SpvC) était Salmonella enteritidis ( 7(38,8), 6(33,3), 9(50), 3(16,7), Salmonella typhimurium ( 5(26,3), 3(15,8), 2(10,5), 7(36,8)), Salmonella heidelberg (0(  0), 8(50), 4(25), 4(25) et Salmonella gallinarum (12(63.2), 6(31.6), 2(10.5), 7(36.8)) respectivement. différents microbiomes analysés étaient  ubiquitairement riches en gènes de virulence associés aux espèces de Salmonella  &nbsp

Susceptibility of Multi-Drug Resistant Wound Pathogens to Extracts and Fractions of Ficus Vogelii (Miq) and Telfairia occidentalis(Hook F.) and Bactericidal kinetics

Background: Wound infection is the third most common nosocomial infection worldwide, with resultant high mortality and morbidity rates in developing countries. Many pathogenic microrganisms implicated in wound infections have evolved antimicrobial resistance, necessitating a focused search for important therapeutic bioactive compounds from natural sources. Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial potential of leaf extracts and fractions of Ficus vogelii and Telfairia occidentalis against wound clinical isolates. Materials and Methods: Pulverized plant leaves were screened for the presence of phytochemicals. Extraction of ground leaves was by cold maceration with methanol, and fractions were obtained by partitioning into hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Antibiogram of clinical isolates was determined via disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial susceptibility of test isolates was determined by agar-well diffusion while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by microbroth dilution assay. Time-kill assay of the methanol fraction of plants was carried out using the viable count technique. Results: Alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids were the phytochemicals detected. The plant extracts and fractions had appreciable inhibitory effects against the multidrug resistant test organisms, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 3.125 to 12.5 mg/mL and 12.5 to > 50 mg/mL, respectively. A total kill of the organisms was achieved at 24 hours at 3.125mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL of methanol fractions of both plants. Conclusion: Ficus vogelii and Telfairia occidentalis contain bioactive compounds that can be developed into standard chemotherapeutics for the management and treatment of wound infections