9,400 research outputs found
Negative Differential Spin Conductance by Population Switching
An examination of the properties of many-electron conduction through
spin-degenerate systems can lead to situations where increasing the bias
voltage applied to the system is predicted to decrease the current flowing
through it, for the electrons of a particular spin. While this does not
necessarily constitute negative differential conductance (NDC) per se, it is an
example of negative differential conductance per spin (NDSC) which to our
knowledge is discussed here for the first time. Within a many-body master
equation approach which accounts for charging effects in the Coulomb Blockade
regime, we show how this might occur.Comment: 6 page, 2 figure
Developing Health System Surge Capacity: Community Efforts in Jeopardy
Examines six communities' efforts to build surge healthcare capacities to respond to terrorist attacks, epidemics, and natural and manmade disasters; the needed components and funding; and the effects of the restrictions and decline in federal funds
Innovation and Foreign Investment Behavior of the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry
This paper deals with the links between the development of new drugs, and particularly of innovative new drugs, and the international activities of U.S. drug companies. While U.S. drug companies have developed new production processes - the most notable being the fermentation process for making penicillin - we concentrate in this paper on new products. Since production costs comprise less than 40 percent of the selling price of drugs and since the person choosing the drug rarely pays for it, growth in company sales and profits comes more from introducing new products than from cutting costs and prices of old products. The main novelty of our study is our examination of "innovative" as contrasted with "imitative" new drugs. Previous studies have generally focused on the total number of new drugs produced each year, but since our interest is in the causes and consequences of innovation, we have concentrated on the products we have rated as innovative. Section I explains our criteria for this distinction and presents our enumeration of the innovative new drugs for each of the 22 companies in our sample. In Section II we discuss trends in the rate of drug innovation and the factors influencing those trends. Section III describes our sample of drug companies and characterizes them with respect to their size, research investment, and innovativeness. Section IV examines the relation of innovativeness to the foreign activities of individual firms. In Section V we analyze, for a sample of 7 new drugs introduced by two companies, the rate at which use of the drugs was diffused among various countries arid the impact of the presence of manufacturing plants on the rate of diffusion.
The tropical analogue of polar cones
We study the max-plus or tropical analogue of the notion of polar: the polar
of a cone represents the set of linear inequalities satisfied by its elements.
We establish an analogue of the bipolar theorem, which characterizes all the
inequalities satisfied by the elements of a tropical convex cone. We derive
this characterization from a new separation theorem. We also establish variants
of these results concerning systems of linear equalities.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures, example added, figures improved, notation
change
Decoherence and dephasing in strongly driven colliding Bose-Einstein condensates
We report on a series of measurements of decoherence and wavepacket dephasing
between two colliding, strongly coupled, identical Bose-Einstein condensates.
We measure, in the strong excitation regime, a suppression of the mean-field
shift, compared to the shift which is observed for a weak excitation. This
suppression is explained by applying the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional. By
selectively counting only the non-decohered fraction in a time of flight image
we observe oscillations for which both inhomogeneous and Doppler broadening are
suppressed, in quantitative agreement with a full Gross-Pitaevskii equation
simulation. If no post selection is used, the decoherence rate due to
collisions can be extracted, and is in agreement with the local density average
calculated rate.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Rapidly reconfigurable optically induced photonic crystals in hot rubidium vapor
Through periodic index modulation, we create two different types of photonic
structures in a heated rubidium vapor for controlled reflection, transmission
and diffraction of light. The modulation is achieved through the use of the AC
Stark effect resulting from a standing-wave control field. The periodic
intensity structures create translationally invariant index profiles analogous
to photonic crystals in spectral regions of steep dispersion. Experimental
results are consistent with modeling.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure
Minimal external representations of tropical polyhedra
Tropical polyhedra are known to be representable externally, as intersections
of finitely many tropical half-spaces. However, unlike in the classical case,
the extreme rays of their polar cones provide external representations
containing in general superfluous half-spaces. In this paper, we prove that any
tropical polyhedral cone in R^n (also known as "tropical polytope" in the
literature) admits an essentially unique minimal external representation. The
result is obtained by establishing a (partial) anti-exchange property of
half-spaces. Moreover, we show that the apices of the half-spaces appearing in
such non-redundant external representations are vertices of the cell complex
associated with the polyhedral cone. We also establish a necessary condition
for a vertex of this cell complex to be the apex of a non-redundant half-space.
It is shown that this condition is sufficient for a dense class of polyhedral
cones having "generic extremities".Comment: v1: 32 pages, 10 figures; v2: minor revision, 34 pages, 10 figure
Splitting in the Excitation Spectrum of A Bose-Einstein Condensate Undergoing Strong Rabi Oscillations
We report on a measurement of splitting in the excitation spectrum of a
condensate driven by an optical travelling wave. Experimental results are
compared to a numerical solution of the Gross Pitaevskii equation, and analyzed
by a simple two level model and by the more complete band theory, treating the
driving beams as an optical lattice. In this picture, the splitting is a
manifestation of the energy gap between neighboring bands that opens on the
boundary of the Brillouin zone.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure
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