19 research outputs found
Effects of supplementation of limit-fed growing diets with either soybean meal or nonenzymatically browned soybean meal on steer performance
Seventy two individually fed Angus × Hereford
steers (642 lb) were used to evaluate the
effects of supplementing limit-fed, growing diets
with either soybean meal (SBM) or nonenzymatically
browned soybean meal (NSBM).
Eight steers were allotted to a control diet
composed of 39.1% high-moisture corn, 42%
cottonseed hulls, 10.4% ground corn, 5% cane
molasses 2.25% urea, and 1.5% vitamins and
minerals (dry basis). The remaining steers were
allotted to diets that derived 100, 80, 60, or
40% of their supplemental protein from SBM or
60, 45, 30, or 15% of their supplemental protein
from NSBN. The balance of supplemental
protein came from urea. All diets were formulated
to contain 13.0% crude protein (dry
basis). Steers were fed once daily for 80 days
at 2.25% of BW. Average daily gain and
efficiency did not differ (P>.05) between
sources (ADG=1.932 + .103 × (% CP from
SBM) + .097 × (% CP from NSBM);
gain:feed=.140 + .0058 × (% CP from SBM) +
.0051 × (% CP from NSBM)). The lack of
response to NBSBM supplementation above
that for SBM suggests that either degradable
intake protein was limiting in the basal diet or a
large proportion of the amino acids in the
NSBM were unavailable due to overprocessing
Effects of supplementing limit-fed, wheat middling-based diets with either soybean meal or non-enzymatically browned soybean meal on growing steer performance
Seventy two individually fed Angus × Hereford
steers (660 lb) were limit-fed, 16.7% CP
wheat middling-based diets with 1.9 or 3.8
percentage units of additional CP from either
soybean meal (SBM) or non-enzymatically
browned soybean meal (NEBSBM). A limitfed,
rolled corn-based diet (16.7% CP) also
was included. Steers were fed once daily for 70
days at 2.25% of BW. The SBM provided
30% bypass protein, and NEBSBM provided
68%. Average daily gain and efficiency improved
linearly with increasing level of
NEBSBM (P<.05; ADG=2.482 + .106 (increase
in % CP); feed to gain=6.26 -
.22(increase in % CP)), but not with increasing
levels of SBM. Steers fed the wheat middling
diets had lower ADG and efficiency than those
fed the corn control diet. These data suggest
that bypass protein may be first limiting in highconcentrate,
limit-fed growing diets composed
predominantly of wheat middlings
Peroxide treatment of feather meal for finishing cattle
Heifers (756 lb, 312 head) were used in
a finishing study to evaluate the effects of
peroxide-treated feather meal on animal
performance and carcass characteristics.
Diets contained 3.0% of peroxide-treated or
untreated feather meal, and were fed ad
libitum. Treatment of feather meal with
hydrogen peroxide increased in situ protein
degradabilities by 56%, but did not
significantly alter feed intake or feed
efficiencies. Although not statistically
different, gains were 2.1% greater for
heifers fed peroxide-treated feather meal.
Hot carcass weights also averaged 6
pounds heavier for heifers fed diets
containing peroxide-treated feather meal.
Marbling tended to be lower, but carcasses
grading USDA Choice tended to be higher
for heifers fed diets containing peroxide-treated
feather meal
Effect of hydrogen peroxide on protein degradation of feather meal
Protein degradation of feather meal
treated with hydrogen peroxide was
evaluated using the in situ bag technique.
Bags containing untreated feather meal or
feather meal treated with 1.4, 2.5, 2.7, 5.0,
or 7.0% hydrogen peroxide (g/100 g
feather meal, as fed basis) at various pH
and times of heating (55oC) were
suspended in the rumen of a cannulated
steer for 12 hours. Protein degradabilities
of feather meal treated with 2.5 and 2.7%
peroxide were only 12 to 19% greater than
untreated feather meal, but feather meal
treated with 5% peroxide had protein
degradabilities 56 to 67% greater than
untreated feather meal. Treatment of
feather meal with 7% peroxide did not
increase protein degradation further.
Altering pH and heating (55oC) peroxide-treated
feather meal for 30 or 120 minutes
had only minor effects on protein
degradability
Betaine supplementation for finishing cattle
Crossbred heifers (756 lb) were used to
evaluate the effects of feed-grade betaine on
animal performance and carcass characteristics.
Heifers had ad libitum access to a finishing diet
without betaine or with 4, 8, or 12 g/day of
feed-grade betaine top-dressed at feeding.
Feed intakes, gains, and feed efficiencies were
not significantly altered by feed-grade betaine.
Hot carcass weights tended to increase with the
betaine supplementation, but dressing percent;
percentage of kidney, pelvic and heart fat; fat
thickness; or ribeye area were not altered.
Yield grades were numerically greater, and
marbling scores significantly greater for heifers
supplemented with 4 or 12 g/day of betaine.
These results demonstrate that supplementation
of feed-grade betaine may have minor effects on
performance and carcass characteristics
Evaluating corn and corn gluten feed in growing cattle diets as a replacement for roughage
A 99-day study was conducted to evaluate
growth performance of 216 beef heifers (average
524 lb) fed traditional roughage-based diets
at 2.75% of body weight or limit-fed highconcentrate
diets containing corn or corn gluten
feed fed at 2.0% of body weight. Dietary
treatments included roughage plus corn, roughage
plus corn gluten feed, limit-fed corn, limitfed
corn with added Smartamine®-ML (providing
10 g/day ruminally protected lysine), limitfed
corn gluten feed, and limit-fed corn gluten
feed with added Smartamine. Adding
Smartamine-ML to the diet did not improve
performance significantly compared to
unsupplemented groups (P>.30). Limit-fed
diets containing corn and corn gluten feed
resulted in more efficient growth than the respective
roughage-based treatments (P<.01).
Limit-fed gluten feed diets resulted in gains that
were approximately 88% of that with the cornbased
diets. Performance was not different for
corn and corn gluten feed when added to
roughage-based diets
Alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten feed levels in steam-flaked corn finishing diets
A 153-day finishing experiment was
conducted using 631 heifers to determine
optimum alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten
feed (WCGF) combinations in steam-flaked,
corn-based diets. Diets contained either 2 or
6% alfalfa hay and 25, 35, or 45% WCGF
(dry basis). Performance was similar
(P>0.16) for cattle fed 2 or 6% alfalfa hay.
Gain efficiencies (P<0.05) and fat thickness
(P<0.10) declined linearly with increasing
amounts of WCGF. For heifers fed 2%
alfalfa hay, ribeye area increased with increasing
dietary WCGF. However for heifers
fed 6% alfalfa hay, ribeye area decreased
with increasing dietary WCGF. Liver abscesses
were lowest for heifers fed 35%
WCGF. Alfalfa hay fed at 2% of diet dry
matter is sufficient for steam-flaked corn
diets containing 25, 35 or 45% WCGF
Steam-flaked corn diets containing combinations of wet corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay: effects on diet digestibility and ruminal characteristics
Twelve ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used to measure digestibility and ruminal characteristics of steam-flaked
corn based diets containing combinations
of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and
alfalfa hay (AH). Starch intake was lower
(P<0.05), but neutral detergent fiber intake
was higher (P<0.05) as AH and WCGF
increased in the diet. Ruminal pH was
increased by AH (linear, P<0.05) and
tended (P<0.07) to increase with WCGF.
Feeding higher levels of WCGF tended to
increase passage rate (P=0.17) and
decreased (P<0.05) total tract organic
matter digestibility. Flaked corn diets
containing at least 25% WCGF may
contribute enough roughage to allow
reduction of alfalfa hay levels
Evaluation of performance in receiving heifers fed different sources of dietary lipid
Two 35-day receiving experiments were conducted using 668 highly stressed
crossbred beef heifers to evaluate
differences in growth performance,
morbidity, and mortality when fed diets
containing differing sources of dietary
lipid. Heifers received diets containing
beef tallow, tallow enriched with a microalgae product containing a high proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid), full-fat soybeans, or ground flaxseed. All diets contained approximately 60% concentrate and 40% roughage (alfalfa
hay). Feed intake, daily gain, and feed
efficiency were poorer (P<0.05) for cattle
fed full-fat soybeans than for those fed the
other treatments. Feed intake tended to be
reduced when micro-algae was top-dressed
to the diet, but gain was not negatively
impacted. In Trial 2, feed efficiency was
improved by the micro-algae. No notable
differences among treatments were evident
in the percentage of cattle treated for
bovine respiratory disease, but cattle fed
flaxseed tended to respond better to
therapeutic treatments, requiring fewer
retreatments
Performance of beef heifers limit-fed growing diets containing alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten feed
Three hundred thirty-nine crossbred beef
heifers were used in a 99-day growing study
to identify optimum combinations of alfalfa
hay and wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) in
limit-fed growing diets. Diets contained 10,
20, or 30% ground alfalfa hay, and 0, 40, or
68% Sweet Bran® WCGF (dry basis) in a 3 ×
3 factorial arrangement of treatments. An
interaction occurred (P<0.05) between level
of alfalfa hay and level of WCGF for both
average daily gain and feed efficiency.
Increasing the levels of alfalfa hay or WCGF
reduced cattle performance, with the exception
of the 30% alfalfa hay and 40% WCGF
diet, which supported average daily gains
similar (P>0.10) to diets containing 20 or
30% alfalfa hay and no WCGF. Feed efficiencies
for the 30% alfalfa hay and 40%
WCGF diet were better (P<0.05) than the
diet containing 30% alfalfa hay and no
WCGF. Dry matter intake as measured two
hours after feeding increased linearly
(P<0.01) with increasing levels of alfalfa
hay, and decreased linearly (P<0.01) with
increasing levels of WCGF. This study
suggests that including WCGF at 40% of the
diet (dry basis) can effectively replace
steam-flaked corn in limit-fed diets containing
20 or 30% alfalfa hay