Contenido de Cadmio y Plomo en tejido de Hígado y Riñón en el Jote de Cabeza Colorada Cathartes aura (Linneo, 1758) de Chañaral, Desierto de Atacama, Chile

Indexación: Web of Science; ScieloThe Atacama region, Chile, presents one of the highest levels of mining exploitation of the country, which leads to high levels of contamination from mine tailings and other related environmental liabilities. One of the most complex situations occurred in the Chañaral city, north of Chile, where for over 50 years mine tailings were dumped on the coast, causing severe damage in the ecosystem. To evaluate the effects on terrestrial biota, we analyzed the concentration of cadmium and lead in tissues of Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura). The results indicate that accumulation of cadmium in kidney was 10.31 μg/g (SD 8.00, range 0.27 to 20.73 μg/g) while in the liver was 5.24 μg/g (SD 8.00, range 0.49 to 19.70). There values are very high when compared to data for other birds with similar ecological role. In relation to the lead, concentration in liver was 0.86 μg/g (SD 2.03, range 0.15 - 7.90), while in kidney was 1.05 μg/g (DS 2.54, range 0.044 to 9.86), values considered within the normal range. It is interesting to analyze from the perspective of the availability of these metals in the mining tailings, where lead (1.57 to 21.2 μg/g) presented higher levels than cadmium (0.061 to 1.085 μg/g). The difference between organs may be related to the role of metallothionein. We discuss the role of Turkey Vulture as a bioindicator of environmental liabilities.La Región de Atacama, Chile, presenta uno de los mayores niveles de explotación minera del país, el cual a su vez genera altos niveles de contaminación por relaves mineros y otros pasivos ambientales relacionados. Una de las más complejas situaciones ocurrió en la ciudad de Chañaral, norte de Chile, donde fueron liberados relaves mineros a sus costas por sobre 50 años, causando graves daños en el ecosistema. Para evaluar los efectos en la biota terrestre, nosotros analizamos la concentración de Cadmio y Plomo en tejidos del Jote de Cabeza Colorada (Cathartes aura). Los resultados indican que la acumulación de Cadmio en el Riñón fue 10,31 μg/g (DS 8,00, rango 0,27 a 20,73 μg/g) mientras en el Hígado fue 5,24 μg/g (DS 8,00, rango 0,49 a 19,70). Estos valores son muy altos si se compara con datos de otras aves de similar rol ecológico. En relación al Plomo, la concentración en Hígado fue de 0,86 μg/g (DS 2,03, rango 0,15 a 7,90), mientras que en Riñón fue de 1,05 μg/g (DS 2,54, rango 0,044 a 9,86), valores considerados dentro del rango normal. Estos resultados son interesantes de analizar desde la perspectiva de la disponibilidad de estos metales en el relave minero, donde el Plomo (1,57 a 21,2 μg/g) presentó mayores niveles que el Cadmio (0,061 a 1,085 μg/g). La diferencia entre órganos puede ser relacionado al rol de las metalotioneinas. Discutimos el rol del Jote de Cabeza Colorada como bioindicador de contaminaciones ambientales.http://ref.scielo.org/86hcb

A 14-mo zinc-supplementation trial in apparently healthy chilean preschool children

Apparently healthy preschool children (46 boys, 52 girls) aged 27-50 mo from low socioeconomic conditions who attended daycare centers in Santiago participated in a 14-mo long double-blind zinc supplementation trial. Unlike most previous studies, no additional inclusion criteria such as short stature or slow growth rate were considered. Subjects were pair matched according to sex and age and randomly assigned to two experimental groups: the supplemented group, which received 10 mg Zn/d, and the placebo group. Selected anthropometric, clinical, dietary, biochemical, and functional indexes were determined at the beginning of the study and after 6 and 14 mo of intervention. Actual dietary zinc intake was 66% of the recommended dietary allowance. Height gain after 14 mo was on average 0.5 cm higher in the supplemented group (P = 0.10). The response, however, was different between sexes. Boys from the supplemented group gained 0.9 cm more than those in the placebo group (P = 0.045). No eff

Evolución y calidad de la alimentación de mujeres con obesidad severa y mórbida sometidas a bypass gástrico Evolution and quality of the diet of women with severe and morbid obesity undergoing gastric bypass

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios en la ingesta energía y nutrientes y el grado de suficiencia de la alimentación en pacientes sometidos a bypass gástrico. En 44 mujeres con obesidad severa y mórbida se estudió la alimentación previa y a los 6, 12 y 18 meses después de realizada la intervención quirúrgica mediante encuesta de registro de tres días. El consumo de suplementos de vitaminas y minerales se controló estrictamente mediante el registro individualizado de su consumo. Con la excepción de la ingesta de calcio y vitamina A, el consumo de energía y nutrientes fue significativamente menor a los 6, 12 y 18 meses post cirugía comparado con el período preoperatorio. La ingesta dietética de calcio, hierro, zinc, cobre, ácido fólico, vitamina C y vitamina E estuvo por debajo del 100% de adecuación a partir del 6º mes post operatorio, situación que se revierte al considerar el consumo de estos nutrientes a partir de los suplementos. Aun cuando se observó una tendencia a una curva en “U” en la ingesta de micronutrientes durante el período experimental, en la mayoría de ellos las diferencias entre los valores obtenidos a los meses 12 y 18 no fue significativa. En conclusión, estos pacientes presentan reducciones importantes de la ingesta dietética de energía y micronutrientes. El consumo rutinario de suplementos podría revertir esta situación, sin embargo, las alteraciones anatómicas inherentes a esta intervención podrían producir que cifras de adecuación ligeramente superiores al 100% sean, en la práctica, insuficientes para asegurar que no se desarrollen cuadros de deficiencia.The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes of dietary intake and quality of the diet in patients undergoing gastric bypass. In fortyfour women with severe and morbid obesity it was assessed their nutrient intakes before and 6, 12, and 18 months after gastric bypass by using three-day food records. Vitamin and mineral intakes from supplements were strictly controlled though personalized records. With the exceptions of calcium and vitamin A, energy and nutrient intakes were significantly decreased at 6, 12, and 18 month after bypass compared to the pre-surgery period. Dietary intakes of calcium, iron, zinc, copper, folic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin E were below 100% of adequacy from the 6th month after the surgery and thereafter. This situation is reverted when nutrient intakes supplied by supplements are taken into account. Although a “U” shape trend was observed in the nutrient intakes results during the experimental period, in most cases the differences between the observed values at month 12 and 18 were not significant. In conclusion, these patients had important reductions of their energy and nutrient intakes as result of gastric bypass. Routine supplements may correct this situation, nevertheless, the anatomical alterations inherent to this type of surgery may cause that total nutrient intakes reaching adequacy values slightly above 100%, may not necessarily be able to avoid the development of nutritional deficiencies

Evolución y calidad de la alimentación de mujeres con obesidad severa y mórbida sometidas a bypass gástrico

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios en la ingesta energía y nutrientes y el grado de suficiencia de la alimentación en pacientes sometidos a bypass gástrico. En 44 mujeres con obesidad severa y mórbida se estudió la alimentación previa y a los 6, 12 y 18 meses después de realizada la intervención quirúrgica mediante encuesta de registro de tres días. El consumo de suplementos de vitaminas y minerales se controló estrictamente mediante el registro individualizado de su consumo. Con la excepción de la ingesta de calcio y vitamina A, el consumo de energía y nutrientes fue significativamente menor a los 6, 12 y 18 meses post cirugía comparado con el período preoperatorio. La ingesta dietética de calcio, hierro, zinc, cobre, ácido fólico, vitamina C y vitamina E estuvo por debajo del 100% de adecuación a partir del 6º mes post operatorio, situación que se revierte al considerar el consumo de estos nutrientes a partir de los suplementos. Aun cuando se observó una tendencia a una curva en “U” en la ingesta de micronutrientes durante el período experimental, en la mayoría de ellos las diferencias entre los valores obtenidos a los meses 12 y 18 no fue significativa. En conclusión, estos pacientes presentan reducciones importantes de la ingesta dietética de energía y micronutrientes. El consumo rutinario de suplementos podría revertir esta situación, sin embargo, las alteraciones anatómicas inherentes a esta intervención podrían producir que cifras de adecuación ligeramente superiores al 100% sean, en la práctica, insuficientes para asegurar que no se desarrollen cuadros de deficiencia

Zinc Supplementation Does Not Affect Glucagon Response to Intravenous Glucose and Insulin Infusion in Patients with Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. Glucagon dysregulation is an essential component in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Studies in vitro and in animal models have shown that zinc co-secreted with insulin suppresses glucagon secretion. Zinc supplementation improves blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes, although there is little information about how zinc supplementation may affect glucagon secretion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1-year zinc supplementation on fasting plasma glucagon concentration and in response to intravenous glucose and insulin infusion in patients with type 2 diabetes. A cross-sectional study was performed after 1-year of intervention with 30 mg/day zinc supplementation or a placebo on 28 patients with type 2 diabetes. Demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters were determined. Fasting plasma glucagon and in response to intravenous glucose and insulin infusion were

Changes in bone mineral density after sleeve Gastrectomy or gastric bypass: Relationships with variations in vitamin D, ghrelin, and adiponectin levels

Background: A major long-term concern after gastric bypass (GBP) is the risk of osteoporosis; however, little is known about this complication in patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Objective: To evaluate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) after GBP and SG, and its relationship with changes in vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), ghrelin, and adiponectin. Methods: Twenty-three women undergoing GBP (BMI 42.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2; 37.3 ± 8.1 years) and 20 undergoing SG (BMI 37.3 ± 3.2 kg/m 2; 34.2 ± 10.2 years) were studied before and 6 and 12 months after surgery. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Plasma PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), ghrelin, and adiponectin concentrations were determined. Food as well as calcium and vitamin D supplement intake was recorded. Results: Excess weight loss (mean ± SE), adjusted by baseline excess weight, was 79.1±3.8 % and 74.9 ± 4.1 % 1 year after GBP and SG, respectively (p = 0.481). Significant reduction in BMD for total bod

Zinc absorption from a micronutrient-fortified dried cow's milk used in the Chilean National Complementary Food Program

The objective was to compare the absorption of zinc from a micronutrient-fortified dried cow's milk, which is part of the Chilean National Complementary Food Program, with that from a standard nonfortified milk. Fortification included the addition of iron, zinc, copper, and ascorbic acid to provide total concentrations (in 100 g of powder) of 10, 5, 0.5, and 70 mg, respectively. Seven adults with normal plasma zinc concentrations (16.0 +/- 0.9 mu mol/L) were studied. Fractional absorption of zinc was determined from single test meals using a stable isotope-based methodology. Mean (+/- SD) fractional absorption of zinc of the test meal containing nonfortified milk was 0.29 +/- 0.09 compared with 0.30 +/- 0.09 of the test meal with the fortified milk (P = not significant). Absolute zinc absorptions from the test meals were 0.43 +/- 0.14 vs 0.57 +/- 0.16 mg, respectively (P =.02). Micronutrient fortification of dried cow's milk, including zinc, was associated with increased total zinc absorption

Impact of dietary fatty acids on lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and functionality of pancreatic beta cells in type 2 diabetic subjects

Artículo de publicación ISI.Introducción: la calidad de las grasas podría influir en el control metabólico de los sujetos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Objetivos: determinar la relación entre la ingesta y la calidad de los ácidos grasos de la dieta con el perfil lipídico, el control metabólico, la funcionalidad de las células β pancreáticas y la sensibilidad a la insulina en sujetos con DM2. Métodos: se estudió a 54 sujetos con DM2, se realizaron determinaciones antropométricas, de composición corporal e ingesta dietética de lípidos, ácidos grasos saturados (AGS), trans, monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados, omega 3, omega 6 y colesterol dietario. Se determinaron los parámetros de laboratorio relacionados con el control metabólico (glicemia de ayuno, hemoglobina glicada, perfil lipídico). La secreción de insulina y la sensibilidad a la insulina se determinaron con el test intravenoso de tolerancia a la glucosa modificado con insulina, basado en el modelo mínimo de Bergman. Resultados: se estudió a 28 hombres y 26 mujeres (edad 55,6 ± 6,8 años; IMC 29,5 ± 3,7 kg/m2). Un 48% presentaba c-LDL < 100 mg/dl, el 12,9% de los hombres c-HDL > 40 mg/dl y el 7,4% de las mujeres c-HDL > 50 mg/dl. El 32% consumía > 10% de AGS y > 300 mg/día de colesterol dietario. La ingesta de AGS y el porcentaje de calorías grasas (G%) mostraron una asociación positiva significativa con la resistencia a la insulina y la glicemia.Introduction: the quality of fats could influence the metabolic control of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). Objectives: to determine the relationship between intake and quality of dietary fatty acids to lipid profile, metabolic control, functionality of pancreatic β cells and insulin sensivity in subjects with DM2. Methods: we studied 54 subjects with DM2, anthropometric measurements were performed, body composition and dietary lipid intake, saturated fatty acids (SFA), trans, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega  3, omega 6 and dietary cholesterol. Laboratory parameters related to their metabolic control were determined (fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile). The insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity was determined with the insulin-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test according to the Bergman’s minimal model. Results: 28 men and 26 women were studied (BMI of 29.5 ± 3.7 kg/m2; age 55.6 ± 6.8 y.), 48% had LDL-C  40 mg/dL and 7.4% of women c-HDL > 50 mg/dL. 32% consumed > 10% of AGS and > 300 mg/day of dietary cholesterol. The SFA intake and percentage of calories from fat (G%) were significantly associated with insulin resistance and fasting plasma glucose concentration. The G% predicted 84% variability on c-VLDL

Modulation of Postprandial Plasma Concentrations of Digestive Hormones and Gut Microbiota by Foods Containing Oat ß-Glucans in Healthy Volunteers

Cereal β-glucans are beneficial health ingredients that reduce cholesterolemia and postprandial glycaemia. However, their impact on digestive hormones and gut microbiota is not yet fully established. Two randomized, double-blind, controlled studies were conducted. In the first study, 14 subjects ingested a breakfast with or without β-glucan from oats (5.2 g). Compared to the control, β-glucan increased orocecal transit time (p = 0.028) and decreased mean appetite score (p = 0.014) and postprandial plasma ghrelin (p = 0.030), C-peptide (p = 0.001), insulin (p = 0.06), and glucose (p = 0.0006). β-glucan increased plasma GIP (p = 0.035) and PP (p = 0.018) without affecting leptin, GLP-1, PYY, glucagon, amylin, or 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a biomarker of bile acid synthesis. In the second study, 32 subjects were distributed into 2 groups to ingest daily foods with (3 g/day) or without β-glucan for 3 weeks; stools were collected before/after treatment. No changes in fecal microbiota composition/diversity (deep sequencing) were detected with β-glucans. These results indicate that acute intake of 5 g β-glucan slows transit time and decreases hunger sensation and postprandial glycaemia without affecting bile-acid synthesis, these changes being associated with decreased plasma insulin, C-peptide, and ghrelin, and increased plasma GIP and PP. However, regular daily intake of 3 g β-glucan is not sufficient to have an effect on fecal microbiota composition