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Associations between duration and volume of muscle-strengthening exercise and clinically assessed hypertension among 10 519 UK adults: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Clinical evidence shows that muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) is important for the treatment and management of hypertension. However, the links between MSE and hypertension in epidemiological research are currently poorly understood. This study examines the association between MSE duration and volume with clinically assessed hypertension. METHODS: Cross-sectional data (n = 10519, adults ≥ 16 years) were pooled from the Health Survey for England (2012, 2016). Self-reported MSE mode (own bodyweight; gym-based), duration, and volume were tested for associations with sphygmomanometer measured hypertension (SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or DBP ≥ 80 mmHg). Poisson regressions with robust error variance were used to calculate the prevalence ratios of hypertension (outcome variable) across MSE (exposure variables: duration (minutes [0 (reference); 10-20; 21 -59; ≥60/session]); and volume [0 (reference); low <mean; high ≥mean/week]) for each mode and the modes combined. RESULTS: Most adults (81.1%) did no MSE. However, in those who did (n = 1984), undertaking any MSE, regardless of mode, duration, or volume, was associated with a reduced likelihood of hypertension (adjusted prevalence ratios 0.61-0.90). When compared with the reference groups (no MSE), some modes had more favourable associations (e.g. ≥60 min/session of own bodyweight MSE; ≥mean min/week of gym-based MSE). CONCLUSION: Irrespective of duration or volume, MSE was associated with a lower prevalence of clinically assessed hypertension. Public-health campaigns and other interventions that successfully promote small-to-moderate increases in MSE participation may reduce the prevalence of hypertension

Associations between muscle-strengthening exercise and prevalent chronic health conditions in 16,301 adults: Do session duration and weekly volume matter?

Objectives: Muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) has multiple health benefits and is part of the global physical activity guidelines. However, with epidemiological research largely focussing on participation frequency (times/week), little is known about the health associations of other parameters. Hence, this study aimed to determine if MSE duration and volume are associated with prevalent chronic health conditions. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Cross-sectional data (n = 16,301 adults ≥16 years) were pooled from the Health Survey for England (2012, 2016). Respondents self-reported MSE mode (own-bodyweight, gym-based), duration and volume, and the prevalence of five chronic conditions (diabetes, anxiety/depression, heart, respiratory, or musculoskeletal condition). Poisson regressions with robust error variance were used to calculate the prevalence ratios (PR) of each chronic condition (outcome variable) across MSE parameters [exposure variables: duration (0 [reference]; 10–20; 21–59; ≥60 min/session); and volume (0 [reference]; low <mean; high ≥mean minutes/week)] for each mode and the modes combined. Results: Most adults (81.5%) did no MSE. Undertaking any MSE regardless of mode, duration or volume was associated with a reduced likelihood of diabetes (APRs 0.25–0.39), heart (APRs 0.32–0.60), respiratory (APRs 0.49–0.67), and musculoskeletal conditions (APRs 0.43–0.63), and anxiety/depression (APRs 0.46–0.68). Associations remained after adjustment for potential socio-demographic and behavioural confounders. Conclusions: While participation in own-bodyweight or gym-based-strength MSE is low, irrespective of mode, duration or volume, MSE was associated with a lower prevalence of chronic health conditions. Studies with longitudinal study designs are needed to confirm these cross-sectional findings

Physical activity and sedentary behaviour of male adolescents in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-method case study using accelerometers, automated wearable cameras, diaries, and interviews

Background: Previous physical activity and sedentary behaviour studies during the pandemic have largely utilized online surveys, with known limitations including recall bias. Employing both device-based and self-reported measurements may provide a more comprehensive picture of both behaviours. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour research in adolescents is still limited in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Indonesia. Male adolescents had been identified as more active than females but have had a greater decrease in physical activity during the pandemic. The present study aimed to investigate the quantity, temporal patterns, contexts, and biopsychosocial factors of physical activity and sedentary behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic in a small group of male Indonesian adolescents. Methods: Male adolescents (n=5; 14–15 years old) from Yogyakarta wore accelerometers and automated wearable cameras for four days, and completed diaries and interviews in November 2020. Results: Participants’ activity was dominated by light intensity (67% of all physical activity). Sedentary behaviour was high; accelerometer, school days: 456±145 min (78±10% of wear time), non-school days: 344±160 min (79±17% of wear time); camera, school days: 176±101 min (81±46% of wear time), non-school days: 210±165 min (86±67% of wear time). Sedentary behaviour was mainly done during school hours on school days and from late afternoon to evening on non-school days. Screen time was largely for leisure purposes and action games were most favoured. Smartphones were the most used device, mainly used in a solitary context in the bedroom. Non-screen-based sedentary behaviour was consistently low. Interviews suggested that during the pandemic, supporting factors for physical activity are: self-determination, enjoyment, parental support, and physical education; meanwhile, factors influencing screen time are: educational demands, device and internet availability, screen time opportunities, parental control, social facilitators, phone notifications, and emotional state. Conclusions: Most participants were not able to stay active during the pandemic. Using digital platforms may be beneficial to shift some screen-based sedentary behaviour to ‘screen-based’ or ‘screen-prompted’ physical activity

Associations between behavioural correlates of muscle-strengthening exercise guideline adherence in adults : a cross-sectional study

Epidemiological evidence links muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE: using weights or own bodyweight) to a reduced risk of non-communicable diseases. However, few studies have examined factors that influence MSE participation beyond frequency. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate likely factors influencing MSE participation, including three components (i.e., frequency, muscle groups, and intensity) in adults. English-speaking adults aged >= 18 years (n = 435) completed the previously validated Muscle-Strengthening Exercise Questionnaire (MSEQ) including MSE components (frequency, muscle groups, intensity) and agreement with 13 statements of potential behavioural correlates of physical activity. Adjusted multiple-factor logistic regression analyses were conducted. Participants having positive perceptions of time availability; sufficient energy; confidence in their skills and knowledge; and who prioritise and enjoy MSE are more likely to report health-enhancing MSE (>= 2 times/week). Moreover, these influencing factors remained irrespective of the MSE components (frequency, muscle groups, intensity). Among the sample of highly active participants, we identified five behavioural correlates that appear to have significant associations with meeting the MSE guidelines. Public health approaches to increase MSE participation within currently inactive populations may benefit from focusing on these specific enabling factors