156 research outputs found
Simulation of the AGILE gamma-ray imaging detector performance: Part II
In this paper (Paper II) we complete our discussion on the results of a
comprehensive GEANT simulation of the scientific performance of the AGILE
Gamma-Ray Imaging Detector (GRID), operating in the 30 MeV - 50 GeV energy
range in an equatorial orbit of height near 550 km. Here we focus on the
on-board Level-2 data processing and discuss possible alternative strategies
for event selection and their optimization. We find that the dominant particle
background components after our Level-2 processing are electrons and positrons
of kinetic energies between 10 and 100 MeV penetrating the GRID instrument from
directions almost parallel to the Tracker planes (incidence angles > 90
degrees) or from below. The analog (charge) information available on-board in
the GRID Tracker is crucial for a reduction by almost three orders of magnitude
of protons (and heavier ions) with kinetic energies near 100 MeV. We also
present in this paper the telemetry structure of the GRID photon and particle
events, and obtain the on-board effective area for photon detection in the
energy range ~30 MeV - 50 GeV.Comment: 24 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Nuclear Instruments
and Methods in Physics Research, Section A. See also astro-ph/0202221 and
astro-ph/020222
Solidarity across group lines: secondary transfer effect of intergroup contact, perceived moral distance, and collective action
We tested, in three studies, whether the generalization of contact effects from primary to secondary outgroups—the secondary transfer effect (STE)—occurs for collective action. The results supported a serial mediation model: contact with immigrants by advantaged group members (Italians: Study 1, N = 146, 121 females, Mage = 28.31 years; Study 3, N = 406, 239 females, Mage = 36.35; British people, Study 2, N = 160, 113 females, Mage = 32.31) was associated with lower perceived moral distance toward primary outgroups, which in turn was associated with more positive attitudes and greater collective action intentions toward primary outgroups, and lower perceived moral distance toward secondary outgroups. Lower perceived moral distance toward secondary outgroups and stronger collective action intentions toward the primary outgroup were associated with higher collective action intentions toward secondary outgroups (results were inconsistent for attitudes). We discuss the findings with a focus on how a consideration of perceived moral distance extends current theorizing, and the relevance of generalized prejudice for the STE
I love you too much to keep social distance: Closeness in relationships and (dis)engagement in preventive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic
: Although we are witnessing a new phase in the management of COVID-19, understanding what predicts adherence to preventive behaviors still remains crucial. In this study we focus on interpersonal relationships by specifically investigating whether engagement in preventive behaviors when in the presence of others may be a function of the type of relationship (in terms of closeness) one has with others. Because close others are often perceived similar to the self compared to strangers, we put forward that close relationships may inadvertently decrease COVID-19 risk perceptions which may ultimately decrease compliance with recommended behaviors when in their presence. To test this hypothesis, 747 Italian respondents were invited to answer one out of four versions of a questionnaire differing on the target (i.e., friends vs. parents vs. grandparents vs. strangers), including questions regarding COVID-19 risk perceptions and intentions to engage in preventive behaviors. Mediation analysis showed that close relationships (i.e., with friends, parents, and grandparents) compared to nonclose relationships (i.e., with strangers) predicted lower intentions to engage in preventive behaviors via lower risk perceptions. Altogether, these results shed light on the role played by closeness in indirectly shaping individuals' dis(engagement) in preventive behaviors and contribute to better understand possible unconscious biases which may undermine our safety during the COVID-19 pandemic
Mobilizing or sedative effects? A narrative review of the association between intergroup contact and collective action among advantaged and disadvantaged groups
In this narrative review, we examined 134 studies of the relationship between intergroup contact and collective action
benefiting disadvantaged groups. We aimed to identify whether, when, and why contact has mobilizing effects (promoting
collective action) or sedative effects (inhibiting collective action). For both moderators and mediators, factors associated
with the intergroup situation (compared with those associated with the out-group or the in-group) emerged as the most
important. Group status had important effects. For members of socially advantaged groups (examined in 98 studies, 100
samples), contact had a general mobilizing effect, which was stronger when contact increased awareness of experiences
of injustice among members of disadvantaged groups. For members of disadvantaged groups (examined in 49 studies, 58
samples), contact had mixed effects. Contact that increased awareness of injustice mobilized collection action; contact that
made the legitimacy of group hierarchy or threat of retaliation more salient produced sedative effects
At the core of cyberaggression: A group-based explanation
In this study, prototypicality of the aggressor was tested as a group-level factor predicting social media users' active participation in cyberaggression. Participants were exposed to a fictitious conversation, in which either a prototypical versus non-prototypical user posted an aggressive comment as a reply to a provocative comment. In line with self-categorization theory, we hypothesized that bystander participants would post an aggressive comment and rate the aggression as acceptable to a greater extent in the prototypical than in the non-prototypical condition. Furthermore, we predicted that perceived normativity of aggression would mediate the effect of prototypicality. Results supported these predictions and showed that prototypical members affect the extent to which collective aggressive behaviors in online interactions are approved and enacted. These findings highlight the importance of group-level factors in the study of cyberaggression and provide important information for understanding the psychological underpinnings of collective forms of online aggression
The role of the perceived engagement of the facilitator in a vicarious contact intervention : A school-based field experiment in three countries
Indirect forms of intergroup contact have been shown to reduce prejudice. However, little is known about the factors that can contribute to implementing these methods as interventions in real-life settings. In this study, we examined whether the students' perception of the facilitator's engagement in carrying out a school-based vicarious contact intervention affects the effectiveness of the intervention among adolescents in Finland (N = 360), Italy (N = 113), and Slovakia (N = 216). As a result, the participants who perceived the facilitator as highly engaged held more positive intergroup attitudes after the intervention than those perceiving the facilitator less engaged. The results are discussed in relation to social and developmental psychological research on normative influences in adolescence and intergroup contact literature, in which normative support from authorities is considered to contribute to the extent to which contact reduces prejudice. By stressing the role of the facilitator, the results contribute both theoretically and practically to the understanding of the successful implementation of prejudice-reduction programs. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.Peer reviewe
Truth and lies in your eyes: Pupil dilation of White participants in truthful and deceptive responses to White and Black partners
In the present study, we examined the pupillary response of White participants who were asked to tell the truth or lie to White or Black partners. Research on cues to deception has assumed that lying is more cognitively demanding that truth telling. In line with this assumption, previous studies have shown that lying is associated with greater pupil dilation, a behavioral cue that typically manifests itself under conditions of stress or cognitive effort. In accordance with these results, we predicted greater pupil dilation when lying than when telling the truth. Furthermore, pupil dilation was expected to be greater when responding to White than Black partners. Finally, we hypothesized that pupil dilation would be greater when lying to White than Black partners. Participants were instructed to answer a set of questions, half truthfully and half deceptively. They were led to believe that White vs. Black partners (one male and one female) would ask the questions via computer connection. Indeed, we used feminine and masculine synthetic voices. Pupil dilation was assessed with a remote eye-tracking system. Results provided support for the first two hypotheses. However, the predicted interaction between race of partners and truth status of message (lying vs. telling the truth) was nonsignificant. Our findings highlight the importance of considering race in the study of truthful and deceptive communications
GRID LEVEL-1.5 TRIGGER SPECIFICATIONS
This document contains the requirements of the Level-1.5 Trigger of the GRID Instrument onboard the AGILE satellite
Once upon a time…: Using fairy tales as a form of vicarious contact to prevent stigma‐based bullying among schoolchildren
We conducted a vicarious contact intervention with the aim of promoting bystanders' intentions to react to stigma-based bullying among schoolchildren. Participants were Italian primary schoolchildren (N = 117 first to third graders); the outgroup was represented by foreign children. Vicarious contact was operationalized with story reading, creating fairy tales on stigma-based bullying where minority characters were bullied by majority characters. Once a week for 3 weeks, participants were read fairy tales in small groups by an experimenter and engaged in reinforcing activities. Results revealed that the intervention increased intergroup empathy (but not intergroup perspective-taking) and anti-bullying peer norms and fostered contact intentions. The intervention also had indirect effects via intergroup empathy on helping and contact intentions and on bystanders' reactions to stigma based-bullying. We discuss theoretical and practical implications, also in terms of the relevance of the present results for school policy. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement
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