Approach path control for powered-lift STOL aircraft

A flight control system concept is defined for approach flightpath control of an augmentor wing (or similar) powered-lift STOL configuration. The proposed STOL control concept produces aircraft transient and steady-state control responses that are familiar to pilots of conventional jet transports, and has potential for good handling qualities ratings in all approach and landing phases. The effects of trailing-edge rate limits, real-engine dynamics, and atmospheric turbulence are considered in the study. A general discussion of STOL handling qualities problems and piloting techniques is included

Tissue oxygenation with graded dissolved oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass

AbstractBackground: Intravascular perfluorochemical emulsions together with a high oxygen tension may increase the delivery of dissolved oxygen to useful levels. The hypothesis of this study is that increasing the dissolved oxygen content of blood with incremental doses of a perfluorochemical emulsion improves tissue oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass in a dose-related fashion. Methods and Results: Oxygen utilization was studied in a profoundly anemic canine model of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Forty-two dogs (mean ± standard error of the mean). Cardiopulmonary bypass was begun and resulted in a hematocrit of 9.4% + 0.6%. A standard primng solution was used in the control group (n = 12), and the test groups received 1.35 gm perfluorochemical · kg-1 (n = 10 dogs), or 5.4 gm perfluorochemical · kg-1 (n = 10 dogs), 2.7 gm perfluorochemical · kg-1(n = 10 dogs) through the venous return cannula. Each animal underwent a series of randomized pump flows (0.25,0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 L · min-1 · m-2 ) at 32° C. After the randomized flows were completed at 32° C, the temperature was raised to 38° C and cardiopulmonary bypass was discontinued. Mortality from cardiac failure on separation from cardiopulmonary bypass was 42% in the control group and 20% in perfluorochemical-treated groups. The mean perfluorochemical dose was higher in surviviors than in nonsurvivors (2.9 + 0.4 versus 1.3 + 0.5 gm perfluorochemical · kg-1; p < 0.05). No differences in oxygen consumption or transbody lactate gradient were found between groups during cardiopulmonary bypass. Analysis of mixed venous oxygen tension (a surrogate measure for tissue oxygenation) as a function of cardiopulmonary bypass flow normalized to body surface area showed that the control group had significantly lower mixed venous oxygen tension (p < 0.05) than the perfluorochemical emulsion-treated groups. Furthermore, the differences were related to the perfluorochemical emulsion dose. These differences in mixed venous oxygen tension continued after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. The coronary sinus oxygen tension and cardiac arterial-venous oxygen content differences during and after cardiopulmonary bypass were similar among the control and perfluorochemical emulsion-treated animals. Dissolved oxygen consumption during and after cardiopulmonary bypass was calculated. Dissolved oxygen consumption increased in the perfluorochemical-treated animals in a perfluorochemical dose-related manner and was significantly higher in perfluoro-chemical-treated animals than in the control animals (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Graded increases in mixed venous oxygen tension during cardiopulmonary bypass were observed in response to graded increases in the dissolved oxygen delivery. These data suggest that enhancing oxygenation with perfluorochemical-dissolved oxygen is an effective temporary substitute for the use of hemoglobin-bound oxygen during cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfluorochemical-dissolved oxygen may be particularly beneficial in the setting of multiple hypoxic stresses. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1995;110: 774-85)J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1995;110:1-85

Seismic imaging in Long Valley, California, by surface and borehole techniques: An investigation of active tectonics

The search for silicic magma in the upper crust is converging on the Long Valley Caldera of eastern California, where several lines of geophysical evidence show that an active magma chamber exists at mid‐to lower‐crustal depths. There are also other strong indications that magma may be present at depths no greater than about 5 km below the surface. In this paper, we review the history of the search for magma at Long Valley. We also present the preliminary results from a coordinated suite of seismic experiments, conducted by a consortium of institutions in the summer and fall of 1984, that were designed to refine our knowledge of the upper extent of the magma chamber. Major funding for the experiments was provided by the Geothermal Research Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and by the Magma Energy Technology Program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), a program to develop the technology necessary to extract energy directly from crustal magma. Additional funding came from DOE's Office of Basic Energy Sciences and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Also, because extensive use was made of a 0.9‐km‐deep well lent to us by Santa Fe Geothermal, Inc., the project was conducted partly under the auspices of the Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP). As an integrated seismic study of the crust within the caldera that involved the close cooperation of a large number of institutions, the project was moreover viewed as a prototype for future scientific experiments to be conducted under the Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL). The experiment thus represented a unique blend of CSDP and PASSCAL methods, and achieved goals consistent with both programs

Development of paediatric non-stage prognosticator guidelines for population-based cancer registries and updates to the 2014 Toronto Paediatric Cancer Stage Guidelines

Population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) generate measures of cancer incidence and survival that are essential for cancer surveillance, research, and cancer control strategies. In 2014, the Toronto Paediatric Cancer Stage Guidelines were developed to standardise how PBCRs collect data on the stage at diagnosis for childhood cancer cases. These guidelines have been implemented in multiple jurisdictions worldwide to facilitate international comparative studies of incidence and outcome. Robust stratification by risk also requires data on key non-stage prognosticators (NSPs). Key experts and stakeholders used a modified Delphi approach to establish principles guiding paediatric cancer NSP data collection. With the use of these principles, recommendations were made on which NSPs should be collected for the major malignancies in children. The 2014 Toronto Stage Guidelines were also reviewed and updated where necessary. Wide adoption of the resultant Paediatric NSP Guidelines and updated Toronto Stage Guidelines will enhance the harmonisation and use of childhood cancer data provided by PBCRs

Treatment of hemangiomas in children using a Nd:YAG laser in conjunction with ice cooling of the epidermis: techniques and results

BACKGROUND: Hemangiomas are the most common type of congenital anomaly in childhood. Although many resolve spontaneously, intervention is required when their growth could damage vital adjacent structures. Various therapeutic approaches to childhood hemangiomas with different types of laser have been described previously. The objective of this study was to determine whether the cooling of the epidermis during irradiation of hemangiomas with a Nd:YAG laser prevents thermal damage and decreases the number of sessions required to treat these lesions. METHODS: Between 1993 and 2001, 110 patients aged 3 months to 4 years, with cutaneous hemangiomas were treated with a Nd:YAG laser. The lesion was cooled with ice prior to, during, and after the irradiation. During each session the laser beam passed through the pieces of ice. The laser power was between 35–45 W with a pulse length of 2–10 seconds. RESULTS: After 6 months of follow-up, from the first session of laser treatment, total resolution was obtained in 72 (65.5%) patients. A second or third session followed in 30 out of 38 patients in which, the initial results were good, moderate, or poor. The parents of the remaining eight children refused this second session and these patients excluded from the study Complications were seen in nine (8.8%) patients. One patient had postoperative bleeding which stopped spontaneously, while atrophic scars occurred in six (5.8%) patients, and hypertrophic scars in two (1.9%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Nd:YAG laser irradiation in conjunction with ice protection of the epidermis produces good cosmetic results for the treatment of cutaneous hemangiomas in children, and decreases the number of sessions for treatment of these lesions

Seismic imaging in Long Valley, California, by surface and borehole techniques: An investigation of active tectonics

The search for silicic magma in the upper crust is converging on the Long Valley Caldera of eastern California, where several lines of geophysical evidence show that an active magma chamber exists at mid‐to lower‐crustal depths. There are also other strong indications that magma may be present at depths no greater than about 5 km below the surface. In this paper, we review the history of the search for magma at Long Valley. We also present the preliminary results from a coordinated suite of seismic experiments, conducted by a consortium of institutions in the summer and fall of 1984, that were designed to refine our knowledge of the upper extent of the magma chamber. Major funding for the experiments was provided by the Geothermal Research Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and by the Magma Energy Technology Program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), a program to develop the technology necessary to extract energy directly from crustal magma. Additional funding came from DOE's Office of Basic Energy Sciences and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Also, because extensive use was made of a 0.9‐km‐deep well lent to us by Santa Fe Geothermal, Inc., the project was conducted partly under the auspices of the Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP). As an integrated seismic study of the crust within the caldera that involved the close cooperation of a large number of institutions, the project was moreover viewed as a prototype for future scientific experiments to be conducted under the Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL). The experiment thus represented a unique blend of CSDP and PASSCAL methods, and achieved goals consistent with both programs