Internet Protocol (IP) Over Link-16

The purpose of Link- 16 is to exchange real-time tactical data among units of the United States and allied forces. Primary Link- 16 functions include exchange of friendly unit position and status data, fl%the dissemination of tactical surveillance track data, and the control/management of air, surface, and subsurface engagements. Because Link- 16 will play an integral role in fl% network-centric Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI), the performance of Internet Protocol version six (IPv6) and IP Security (IPSec) over Link-16 needs to be determined. Using OPNET modeling software to simulate a Link- 16 network, the investigation of this research revealed that the overhead from IPv6 and IPSec does not significantly affect end-to-end delay and effective throughput of the Link- 16 network. As long as the encryption and authentication protocols are preprocessed, these protocols add minimal amounts of latency overhead to the Link- 16 network. However, as the offered load is extended beyond the 90% level, the overhead from the IPSec extensions begins to have more of a negative effect on the End-to-End delay and throughput. Therefore, as the offered load increases beyond the 90% level, it begins to have a significant impact act on the performance of the Link- 16 network

HELL IN THE SNOW: THE U.S. ARMY IN THE COLMAR POCKET, JANUARY 22 - FEBRUARY 9, 1945

In December of 1944 and January of 1945, as Allied forces fought to slowly regain their footing in the Battle of the Bulge, another fierce engagement raged to the south in Alsace and became known as the Battle of the Colmar Pocket. Although overshadowed by the more famous fight to the north, the Colmar Pocket nevertheless played a pivotal role in the war in Europe. Yet the engagement which made Audie Murphy famous remains at the periphery of our understanding of the intense fighting in the winter of 1944-45. This thesis is about the overlooked story in the Allied struggle against Germany which provides an important window into wartime strategy and diplomacy. This thesis also addresses the struggle the average soldier went through is and how they dealt with their own personal struggles. The research gathered included oral histories, as well as manuscripts, books, after action reports, etc., which give the reader a full understanding of what took place in the Colmar Pocket as the U.S. Army attempted to push the German Army across the Rhine River

Probing Space: Formative Assessment In A Middle School Inquiry-based Science Classroom

This action research thesis was performed to explore the research questions: How did the use of formative assessment affect student performance data in understanding the concepts of the Sun-Earth-Moon system?, How did the use of learning scales as formative techniques impact student self-assessment of their knowledge of the Sun-Earth-Moon system?, How did the implementation of formative assessment techniques affect student discourse on the topic of the Sun-Earth-Moon system? Formative assessment techniques including talk-friendly probes, sticky bars, and agree-disagree statements were used in the classroom to expose gaps in knowledge, to facilitate discourse, and promote self-assessment. A triangulation of data included a district-provided pre/post-test, teacher observation, written and oral student responses of formative assessment, self-assessment, discourse, and student self-assessment on a learning goal tracker. Data gathered from student responses to formative assessment techniques given during discourse, lab experiences, in written responses, and from the student learning scale tracker were analyzed to expose misconceptions and gaps in knowledge and guide classroom instruction. Data showed that student performance data improved overall and students narrowed gaps in knowledge of the Sun-Earth-Moon system. Improvement in student participation and skill of discourse was evident; however students needed more practice developing written explanations for phenomenon within the Sun-Earth-Moon system. Through the use of self-assessments students showed improvement in ability to self-assess and realized gained knowledge toward their learning goal

Effects of Aerobic Fitness Training on Migraine Headache

This study investigated the effectiveness of a 12 week aerobic fitness training program at reducing migraine headache symptoms in a sample of formerly sedentary, community-recruited adult chronic migraine sufferers. Seven subjects (5 females, 2 males) monitored their headache symptoms four times daily throughout the five months of the study, which mcluded a one month baseline period, three consecutive months of fitness training, and a one month posttreatment period. During the fitness training phase, subjects\u27 blood pressures and p 1se rates were recorded before and after each exercise session, which occurred three times per week. All subjects walked for .-0 minutes per exercise session at a rate sufficient to maintain heart rates in their aerobic training range, which was defined as 65 to 80% cf their maximum heart rate. Results indicated that the training program was effective at increasing aerobic and cardiovascular fitness. While there was no change in psychological distress (depression, anxiety, anger) as a result of treatment, a significant decrease was observed in headache index from baseline to treatment month 1. Peak headache intensity per week decreased significantly from baseline to treatment months 1,3, and the posftreatment month. Significant increases were observed for number of headache-free days per week from baseline to treatment months 1 and 2. No changes were observed in medication usage. These results suggest that an aerobic fitness training program may be an effective treatment for certain aspects of migraine symptomatology for some individuals who suffer from chronic migraine