The University Corporatization Shift: A Longitudinal Analysis of University Admission Handbooks, 1980 to 2010

This paper explores university corporatization and its impact on university literature, examining the frequency and placement of content in the admissions handbooks (viewbooks) of six Ontario universities from 1980 to 2010, at five-year intervals. Government budget cuts implemented in the mid-1990s served as a point of interest in the timing of corporatization. Content analysis showed a decreased emphasis on academics and an increased emphasis on the university experience; academics moved toward the back of the viewbooks, and student experience and university-specific advantages moved toward the front. The timing of these changes, however, did not correlate, as expected, with government budget cuts of the mid-1990s.  Cet article examine la privatisation des l’universités et ses effets répercussions sur la littérature publication universitaire. Sur des intervalles de 5 ans, les auteurs étudient Six universités de l›Ontario sont étudiées pour examiner la fréquence et le placement la disposition du contenu dans les de manuels d’admission à l›universitéde six universités ontariennes, publiés de 1980 à 2010, utilisant des intervalles de 5 ans. Les compressions budgétaires gouvernementales mises en œuvre par le gouvernement dans vers la moitié des années 1990 servent de point central pour l’analyse de la privatisation des universités. L’analyse de contenu est utilisée pour examiner le placement et la fréquence de contenu dans les manuels d›admission. Les résultats indiquent une diminution de d’attention l’attention portée sur le contenu académique et une augmentation de l’emphase mise l’importance de sur l›expérience universitaire. C’est ainsi que le contenu académique a été déplacé vers la fin des manuels d’admission, tandis que les éléments de la vie étudiante, et une augmentation du contenu associé à l’expérience des étudiants et des avantages spécifiques propres de à chacune des universités étaient mis en évidence, au début de la publication. Toutefois, la période à laquelle Le moment de ces changements ont été apportés, cependant, ne correspond pas avec à celle celui des compressions coupes budgétaires gouvernementales mises en œuvre par le gouvernement dans le milieu vers la moitié des années 1990

Energy Flow through the Onondaga County Convention Center Green Roof in Syracuse, NY

Buildings in the Northeast U.S. with large interior open spaces and high ceilings require substantial amounts of energy to heat and cool the spaces. The objectives of this experiment are to model the heat flux across different layers of a green roof and to estimate the thermal resistance of the layers. The project will examine conditions in winter and summer, considering air temperature and snow cover on the roof. The scope of this study includes measurements of the transfer of energy through the green roof on the Onondaga County Convention Center in Syracuse, NY. The methods include collection of data from Campbell Scientific temperature probes at six heights through the roof layers, ranging from the Convention Center ceiling to the ambient air above the roof. The temperature data are stored in CR-1000 data loggers. Under certain conditions, the green roof is expected to be an effective barrier to energy flow across the roof. The implications of this work are a better understanding of how green roofs function as a barrier to energy loss from the building in winter and a barrier to energy gain from direct sunlight in the summer. This, in turn, can assist designers of green roofs in a variety of climates

Thermal performance of a green roof based on CHAMPS model and experimental data during cold climatic weather

Green roofs are increasingly implemented in cities around the world. They have the potential to improve thermal performance of building systems through evapotranspiration, thermal mass, insulation and shading. Several studies have analyzed the heat flow impact of green roofs in hot weather, but few studies have examined the thermal performance during cold conditions. Roof membranes are known to fail in cold climates due to stress caused by large temperature fluctuations. A green roof can reduce the daily membrane temperature fluctuations (Tmax - Tmin) by an average of 7◦C. This study presents an experimental investigation of a large extensive green roof on the Onondaga County Convention Center in Syracuse, NY from November 2017 to March 2018. The model known as CHAMPS has been applied to simulate the temperature profile through the layers of the green roof. In early winter without snow, the temperatures of the growth medium and roof membrane follow the diurnal cycle of ambient air temperatures with smaller amplitude. An average seven hour peak delay is observed. Under extremely cold weather, snow acts as an insulator. The temperature of the growth medium on the Convention Center remains slightly above freezing and is relatively steady when there is significant snow, even during extremely cold temperatures. Heat flux is dominated by the temperature gradient between interior space and the snow layer. On the basis of this work, it is shown that the CHAMPS model can play a valuable role in informing green roof design decisions

Sensitivity Analysis Using the SWMM LID Control for an Extensive Green Roof in Syracuse, NY

Green roofs are a popular form of sustainable drainage infrastructure. They provide many environmental benefits, such as reducing peak urban stormwater runoff by enabling retention and evapotranspiration similar to natural conditions. Each green roof has unique hydrologic behavior based on physical properties of its growth medium, types of vegetation, structural design, and climate. To improve the application of green roof technology at a site, there is a need to predict stormwater mitigation for several designs before commencing green roof construction. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) includes a low impact development control module which makes it possible to model the hydrologic performance of a green roof by directly defining the physical characteristics of its layers. In this study we compare the outputs of the SWMM model with hydrologic performance data from a large extensive green roof in Syracuse, NY from April 2017 to October 2017. Our objectives are to evaluate the performance of SWMM as a long-term modeling software appropriate for predicting the hydrologic performance of a green roof, and to explore changing parameters that might improve hydrologic performance when designing future green roofs. It is expected that this work will help designers of green roofs in climates similar to those of Central NY. In the future, more extensive hydrologic data will be obtained to enable better assessment of SWMM as a tool to help design green roofs

The UK Civil Hydrography Programme: Changing the Mould

The Civil Hydrographic Programme (CHP) is funded by the government agency responsible for maritime safety in the United Kingdom (UK), the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). The CHP is now a major element of the UK strategy for delivering valid source data for maintenance of British Admiralty charts and associated nautical publications. Under the CHP, commercial survey companies such as Gardline Hydro compete for surveys of predefined areas on the UK continental shelf.El Programa de Hidrografîa Civil (CHP) es financiado por la agenda gubernamental responsable de la Seguridad Marîtima en el Reino Unido (UK), la Agenda Marîtima y Guarda Costa (MCA). El CHP esa hora un elemento principal de la estrategia de UK para la entrega de datos fuente vâiidos para mantener ias cartas del Almirantazgo Britânico y publicaciones nâuticas asociadas. Bajo el CHP, compahias de levantamientos comerciaies tai como Gardline Hydro, compiten por los levantamientos de âreas pre-definidas sobre la plataforma continental de UK.Le programme hydrographique civil (CHP) est financé par l'agence gouvernementale responsable de la sécurité maritime au Royaume- Uni (RU) et l ’Agence maritime et la garde côtière (MCA). Le CHP est à présent un élément majeur de la stratégie du RU pour la remise de données sources valables pour la tenue à jour des cartes de l’Amirauté britannique et des publications nautiques associées. Dans le cadre du CHP, les compagnies hydrographiques commerciales comme Gardline Hydro se font concurrence pour les levés de zones prédéfinies sur le plateau continental du RU

Chemical Analysis of Precipitation and Stormwater Runoff from a Large Green Roof

The growth medium of a green roof is likely to affect the chemistry of the rainwater passing through it, which may impact the receiving waters. Currently only limited data exist on the changes in rain chemistry caused by green roofs. The objectives of this project are to determine the differences in concentration of several contaminants in rain and in runoff from a green roof in downtown Syracuse, NY, and to explore reasons for the observed differences. A few samples were collected in 2014 and 2016, but most of the data are from 2017. Collection of precipitation uses funnels, while collection of runoff takes place using a drainpipe that connects to several roof drains. Both types of samples are analyzed by ion chromatography for chloride, sulfate, and nitrate. Preliminary tests show that chloride concentrations in the green roof runoff are generally greater than or equal to those in precipitation. Sulfate in the runoff is greatly enhanced compared with precipitation. Nitrate concentrations do not show a clear pattern. Engineered soil greatly influences the chemistry of the incoming rain, and additional research is needed to better understand this chemistry

A Rain Simulator to Examine Green Roof and Soil Moisture Sensor Performance

Green roof technology plays a large role managing stormwater runoff in urban areas, where impervious surfaces cause substantial amounts of stormwater runoff to enter combined sewer systems. If the stormwater flow exceeds the capacity of treatment plants, this often results in the discharge of raw sewage into nearby bodies of water. Green roofs can reduce the occurrence of raw sewage discharge by decreasing the amount of mixed wastewater and stormwater flowing into combined sewers. Engineers and designers are looking for ways to improve the performance of green roofs and to understand parameters such as field capacity and time to onset of runoff. A better understanding of field capacity could be used to test hydrologic models that predict how much water a green roof could store under different conditions and to estimate how much runoff could be reduced. In this project, a drip-type rain simulator is used to estimate field capacity of a plot of soil and sedum taken from the green roof on the Onondaga County Convention Center in Syracuse, NY. Three soil moisture sensors place d into the plot are used with different rain intensities to track the increase in soil water content during rain and the decrease following the end of the rain. The experimental results show that the field capacity of the Convention Center green roof is about 0.081 m3 water / m3 soil. This value is lower than expected and additional testing is underway. It is also shown that as rain intensity increases, time to onset of runoff decreases. With additional experiments to be conducted in Summer 2018, results of this work can be used by engineers to design and install green roofs with field capacities that complement average rain intensities and peak rain intensities and effectively reduce runoff

Axe-making and Axe Distribution from Two Quarries in East Australia

This study is about axe making at two quarries. I have derived a model based on formal economic theory for explaining the transfer of axes into a distribution system. There are three major kinds of axe output from quarries: (1) Axes for local use. (2) Axes for non-local exchange. (3) Axes traded for gain. I argue that these outputs can be differentiated by their distribution, together with: (1) The exchange potential of a good, which is established by symmetry in the shape of an axe and enables the axe to be recognised and accepted by others in an exchange transaction. (2) Value-adding economic decisions in axe making, which can be established by measuring efficiency in the control of production. This gives an advantage to axe producers at some quarries. Axe trade for gain would incorporate symmetrical axes, efficient production and a non-local distribution pattern. My predictions for the two quarries, one at Gulong and one at Warren are initially derived from distribution patterns. The output at Gulgong was predicted to be trade-driven in that the axes would be symmetrically shaped for exchange, and axe making would be a value-adding economic activity within which efficient knapping actions controlled axe making. In contrast, output at Warren (Little Mount quarry) was predicted not to be based on trade for gain. The axes would not be symmetrical in shape and would not be manufactured by efficient means. The potential of the quarries to supply axes for exchange and trade for gain is evaluated by, the selection and extraction of raw material, the process of shaping preforms, and the toolkits used in manufacture at the quarries

Beyond persons: extending the personal / subpersonal distinction to non-rational animals and artificial agents

The distinction between personal level explanations and subpersonal ones has been subject to much debate in philosophy. We understand it as one between explanations that focus on an agent’s interaction with its environment, and explanations that focus on the physical or computational enabling conditions of such an interaction. The distinction, understood this way, is necessary for a complete account of any agent, rational or not, biological or artificial. In particular, we review some recent research in Artificial Life that pretends to do completely without the distinction, while using agent-centered concepts all the way. It is argued that the rejection of agent level explanations in favour of mechanistic ones is due to an unmotivated need to choose among representationalism and eliminativism. The dilemma is a false one if the possibility of a radical form of externalism is considered

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL SOURCE-RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIPS: THE ROLE OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS

This report describes the technical progress made on the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS) during the period of August 2001 through January of 2002. The major activity during this project period was the continuation of the ambient monitoring effort. Work also progressed on organizing the upcoming source characterization effort, and there was continued development of several three-dimensional air quality models. The first PAQS data analysis workshop for the project was held at Carnegie Mellon in December 2001. Two new instruments were added to site during this project period: a single particle mass spectrometer and an in situ VOC instrument. The single particle mass spectrometer has been deployed since the middle of September and has collected more than 150 days of data. The VOC instrument was only deployed during the intensive sampling period. Several instruments experienced operational issues during this project period. The overall data recovery rate for the project has been high