Torsion theories and radicals in normal categories

We introduce a relativized notion of (semi)normalcy for categories that come equipped with a proper stable factorization system, and we use radicals (in the sense of module theory) and normal closure operators in order to study torsion theories in such categories. Our results generalize and complement recent studies in the realm of semi-abelian and, in part, homological categories. In particular, we characterize both, torsion-free and torsion classes, in terms of their closure under extensions. We pay particular attention to the homological and, for our purposes more importantly, normal categories of topological algebra, such as the category of topological groups. But our applications go far beyond the realm of these types of categories, as they include, for example, the normal, but non-homological category of pointed topological spaces, which is in fact a rich supplier for radicals of topological groups

Torsion theories and radicals in normal categories

We introduce a relativized notion of (semi)normalcy for categories that come equipped with a proper stable factorization system, and we use radicals (in the sense of module theory) and normal closure operators in order to study torsion theories in such categories. Our results generalize and complement recent studies in the realm of semi-abelian and, in part, homological categories. In particular, we characterize both, torsion-free and torsion classes, in terms of their closure under extensions. We pay particular attention to the homological and, for our purposes more importantly, normal categories of topological algebra, such as the category of topological groups. But our applications go far beyond the realm of these types of categories, as they include, for example, the normal, but non-homological category of pointed topological spaces, which is in fact a rich supplier for radicals of topological groups.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WH2-4HK04RW-1/1/18b9f9a869360fcbae5bb6200eabdf2

Influence Of Kir Genes And Their Hla Ligands In Susceptibility To Dengue In A Population From Southern Brazil

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) form a group of regulatory molecules that specifically recognise human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules, modulating the cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of KIR genes and their class I HLA ligands in susceptibility to dengue fever in a population from southern Brazil through a case-control study. One hundred four subjects with confirmed diagnoses of dengue participated in this study, along with a control group of 172 individuals from the same geographic area. HLA and KIR genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (PCR-SSOP) and with sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) techniques, respectively. Data analysis showed significant differences for the KIR2DS1 (54.8% vs 40.7%, P=0.03), KIR2DS5 (50.0% vs 36.0%, P=0.03) and KIR2DL5 (76.0% vs 56.4%, P=0.001) genes. With regard to KIR-ligand pairs, positive associations with dengue were observed in KIR3DS1-Bw4 (45.2% vs 29.7%, P=0.01), KIR3DL1-Bw4 (80.7% vs 65.1%, P<0.001), KIR2DL1-C2 (75.0% vs 62.2%, P=0.03) and KIR2DS1-C2 (40.4% vs 25.6%, P=0.01) interactions, and a negative association in KIR2DL3-C1/C1 (18.2% vs 33.1%, P = 0.01). Furthermore, the analysis of KIR haplogroups showed a possible protective factor against dengue fever in individuals with the AA genotype. Taken together, these results suggest the existence of genetic predisposition to dengue fever in the population from southern Brazil. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S.826397404Guzman, M.G., Kouri, G., Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas: lessons and challenges (2003) J Clin Virol, 27, pp. 1-13(2012) Dengue and Severe Dengue, , http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/, WHO. 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Lenexa, Kansas: American Society for Histocompatibility and ImmunogeneticsRudnick, C.C., Guelsin, G.A., Marangon, A.V., Franceschi, D.A., Sell, A.M., Visentainer, J.E., Otimização de metodologia para o estudo de genes KIR (2010) J Bras Patol Med Lab, 46, pp. 215-224Yindom, L.M., Forbes, R., Aka, P., Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum in The Gambia (2012) Tissue Antigens, 79, pp. 104-113Pydi, S.S., Sunder, S.R., Venkatasubramanian, S., Kovvali, S., Jonnalagada, S., Valluri, V.L., Killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor gene association withtuberculosis (2013) Hum Immunol, 74, pp. 85-92Luszczek, W., Manczak, M., Cislo, M., Gene for the activating natural killer cell receptor, KIR2DS1, is associated with susceptibility to psoriasis vulgaris (2004) Hum Immunol, 65, pp. 758-766Suzuki, Y., Hamamoto, Y., Ogasawara, Y., Genetic polymorphisms of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors are associated with susceptibility to psoriasis vulgaris (2004) J Invest Dermatol, 122, pp. 1133-1136Augusto, D.G., Lobo-Alves, S.C., Melo, M.F., Pereira, N.F., Petzl-Erler, M.L., Activating KIR and HLA Bw4 ligands are associated to decreased susceptibility to pemphigus foliaceus, an autoimmune blistering skin disease (2012) PLoS ONE, 7, pp. e39991Diaz-Pena, R., Vidal-Castineira, J.R., Alonso-Arias, R., Association of the KIR3DS1*013 and KIR3DL1*004 alleles with susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (2010) Arthritis Rheum, 62, pp. 1000-1006Karabon, L., Jedynak, A., Giebel, S., KIR/HLA gene combinations influence susceptibility to B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the clinical course of disease (2011) Tissue Antigens, 78, pp. 129-138Stern, M., Opelz, G., Döhler, B., Hess, C., Natural killer-cell receptor polymorphisms and posttransplantation non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2010) Blood, 115, pp. 3960-3965Middleton, D., Vilchez, J.R., Cabrera, T., Analysis of KIR gene frequencies in HLA class I characterized bladder, colorectal and laryngeal tumours (2007) Tissue Antigens, 69, pp. 220-226Wauquier, N., Padilla, C., Becquart, P., Leroy, E., Vieillard, V., Association of KIR2DS1 and KIR2DS3 with fatal outcome in Ebola virus infection (2010) Immunogenetics, 62, pp. 767-771Zhi-Ming, L., Yu-Lian, J., Zhao-Lei, F., Polymorphisms of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene: possible association with susceptibility to or clearance of hepatitis B virus infection in Chinese Han population (2007) Croat Med, 6, pp. 800-806Carr, W.H., Pando, M.J., Parham, P., KIR3DL1 polymorphisms that affect NK cell inhibition by HLA-Bw4 ligand (2005) J Immunol, 175, pp. 5222-5229Khakoo, S.I., Thio, C.L., Martin, M.P., HLA and NK cell inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus infection (2004) Science, 305, pp. 872-874Gazit, R., Garty, B.Z., Monselise, Y., Expression of KIR2DL1 on the entire NK cell population: a possible novel immunodeficiency syndrome (2004) Blood, 103, pp. 1965-196