Type 1 diabetes and epilepsy in childhood and adolescence: Do glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies play a role? Data from the German/Austrian/Swiss/Luxembourgian DPV Registry

AimsWe aimed to analyze the relationship between epilepsy and glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and the impact of GADA on demographic, clinical, and metabolic data in T1DM patients with epilepsy.MethodsWe searched for patients with T1DM ≤20 years and GADA measurements, and within this group for patients with epilepsy. We formed groups: T1DM + Epilepsy + GADA positive; T1DM + Epilepsy + GADA negative; T1DM + GADA positive; T1DM + GADA negative. We used logistic regression to analyze the relationship between epilepsy and GADA with odds ratio adjusted for sex, duration of diabetes (DOD), and age at diabetes onset (ADO). We used logistic regression with odds ratio adjusted for DOD and ADO onset using epilepsy as a dependent variable and GADA, HbA1c, ketoacidosis, severe hypoglycemia (SH), sex, celiac disease, and autoimmune thyroiditis as independent variables. We conducted regression analyses adjusted for sex, DOD, and ADO to analyze differences in clinical/metabolic parameters between the groups.ResultsEpilepsy was not more frequent in GADA-positive patients (GPP). Logistic regression including all patients with GADA measurements showed that hypoglycemia with coma (HC) correlated with epilepsy when compared to no SH. We found no differences in clinical and metabolic data between GPP and GADA-negative patients (GNP) with epilepsy. SH occurred more often in GPP with epilepsy in comparison to GPP without epilepsy. GNP with epilepsy had a higher rate of HC than GPP without epilepsy.ConclusionWe found no relationship between epilepsy and GADA. A relationship between T1DM and epilepsy might be explainable by SH

Early vs late histological confirmation of coeliac disease in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes

AIM Screening for coeliac disease in asymptomatic children with new-onset type 1 diabetes is controversial. The aim of this study was to analyse whether the confirmation of coeliac disease in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes and positive screening results can be postponed. METHODS This was a multicentre population-based cohort study based on the German/Austrian/Swiss/Luxembourgian Prospective Diabetes Follow-up Registry (Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation [DPV]). Participants aged ≤18 years diagnosed with type 1 diabetes between 1995 and June 2021 and with elevated IgA tissue transglutaminase antibodies (anti-tTGA) at diabetes onset on screening for coeliac disease were included. We compared outcomes of participants with a diabetes duration of more than 1 year between those in whom coeliac disease was confirmed histologically within the first 6 months and those in whom coeliac disease was confirmed between 6 and 36 months after diabetes diagnosis. RESULTS Of 92,278 children and adolescents with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, 26,952 (29.2%) had documented anti-tTGA data at diabetes onset. Of these, 2340 (8.7%) had an elevated anti-tTGA level. Individuals who screened positive were younger (median age 9.0 vs 9.8 years, p<0.001) and more often female (53.1% vs 44.4%, p<0.001). A total of 533 participants (22.8% of those who screened positive) had a documented biopsy, of whom 444 had documented histological confirmation of coeliac disease. Of 411 participants with biopsy-proven coeliac disease within the first 36 months of diabetes and follow-up data, histological confirmation was performed in 264 (64.2%) within the first 6 months and in 147 (35.8%) between 6 and 36 months after diabetes onset. At follow-up (median diabetes duration 5.3 years and 5.1 years, respectively), estimated median HbA1c levels (62.8 mmol/mol vs 62.2 mmol/mol [7.9% vs 7.8%]), cardiovascular risk markers (lipids, rate of microalbuminuria, blood pressure), rates of acute diabetes complications (diabetic ketoacidosis, severe hypoglycaemia) and the proportions of participants reaching anti-tTGA levels within the normal range did not differ between groups. Participants with delayed histological confirmation of coeliac disease showed no negative effects on growth or weight gain during the observation period. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the histological confirmation of coeliac disease in asymptomatic individuals with new-onset type 1 diabetes could be postponed

Type 1 diabetes mellitus and SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric and adult patients - Data from the DPV network.

BACKGROUND Data on patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are sparse. This study aimed to investigate the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and T1DM. METHODS Data from the Prospective Diabetes Follow-up (DPV) Registry were analyzed for diabetes patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Luxembourg during January 2020-June 2021, using Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-square tests for continuous and dichotomous variables, adjusted for multiple testing. RESULTS Data analysis of 1855 pediatric T1DM patients revealed no differences between asymptomatic/symptomatic infected and SARS-CoV-2 negative/positive patients regarding age, new-onset diabetes, diabetes duration, and body mass index. Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) rate were not elevated in SARS-CoV-2-positive vs. -negative patients. The COVID-19 manifestation index was 37.5% in individuals with known T1DM, but 57.1% in individuals with new-onset diabetes. 68.8% of positively tested patients were managed as outpatients/telemedically. Data analysis of 240 adult T1MD patients revealed no differences between positively and negatively tested patients except lower HbA1c. Of these patients, 83.3% had symptomatic infections; 35.7% of positively tested patients were hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate low morbidity in SARS-CoV-2-infected pediatric T1DM patients. Most patients with known T1DM and SARS-CoV-2 infections could be managed as outpatients. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection was usually symptomatic if it coincided with new-onset diabetes. In adult patients, symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization were associated with age

Spatiotemporal association between COVID-19 incidence and type 1 diabetes incidence among children and adolescents: a register-based ecological study in Germany

ObjectiveStudies have shown an increased incidence of pediatric type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the detailed role of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the incidence increase in type 1 diabetes remains unclear. We investigated the spatiotemporal association of pediatric type 1 diabetes and COVID-19 incidence at the district level in Germany.MethodsFor the period from March 2020 to June 2022, nationwide data on incident type 1 diabetes among children and adolescents aged &lt;20 years and daily documented COVID-19 infections in the total population were obtained from the German Diabetes Prospective Follow-up Registry and the Robert Koch Institute, respectively. Data were aggregated at district level and seven time periods related to COVID-19 pandemic waves. Spatiotemporal associations between indirectly standardized incidence rates of type 1 diabetes and COVID-19 were analyzed by Spearman correlation and Bayesian spatiotemporal conditional autoregressive Poisson models.ResultsStandardized incidence ratios of type 1 diabetes and COVID-19 in the pandemic period were not significantly correlated across districts and time periods. A doubling of the COVID-19 incidence rate was not associated with a significant increase in the incidence rate of type 1 diabetes (relative risk 1.006, 95% CI 0.987; 1.019).ConclusionOur findings based on data from the pandemic period indirectly indicate that a causal relationship between SARS-COV-2 infection and type 1 diabetes among children and adolescents is unlikely

Untersuchungen von Resistenzmechanismen und Prognosefaktoren bei Philadelphia Chromosom positiver akuter lymphatischer Leukämieund Blastenkrise bei chronischer myeloischer Leukämie unter derTherapie mit dem Tyrosinkinaseinhibitor Imatinib (Glivec®)

Das Bcr-Abl Onkogen kodiert für eine Nichtrezeptor-Tyrosinkinase, welche durch die aktivierte Abl-Tyrosinkinaseaktivität zur malignen Transformation hämatopoetischer Zellen führt. Bei etwa 95% der Patienten mit chronischer myeloischer Leukämie (CML) und etwa 30% der erwachsenen Patienten mit akuter lymphatischer Leukämie (ALL) läßt sich das Bcr-Abl Onkogen nachweisen. Die Bcr-Abl positive ALL zeichnet sich dabei durch eine besonders schlechte Prognose trotz intensiver Polychemotherapie aus. Mit dem Abl-Tyrosinkinaseinhibitor Imatinib steht eine kausale Therapieoption für Patienten mit Bcr-Abl positiver Leukämie zur Verfügung. Die ersten klinischen Studien begannen 1999. Dabei zeichnen sich jedoch Patienten mit CML in Blastenkrise und Patienten mit ALL durch eine hohe Rate an Therapieversagern aus. Dies betrifft sowohl das direkte Therapieversagen (sog. primäre Resistenz) als auch die frühzeitige Entwicklung von Rezidiven nach initialem Therapieansprechen (sog. sekundäre Resistenz). Das von der Leber synthetisierte Akute-Phase-Protein &#945;1-saures Glykoprotein (AGP) bindet Imatinib mit hoher Affinität. Dies führt zur Verringerung der freien Imatinibkonzentration. Da Imatinib nur in freier Form aktiv von der Leukämiezelle aufgenommen wird, könnte die Serumkonzentration von AGP das Therapieansprechen auf Imatinib beeinflussen. Tierexperimentelle Daten konnten dies belegen. Daten bei Menschen liegen jedoch nur wenige vor. Überwiegend stammen diese Daten von Patienten mit CML in chronischer Phase, zudem sind die Ergebnisse teilweise wiedersprüchig. Ob die AGP Konzentration bei Patienten mit CML in Blastenkrise oder Bcr-Abl positiver ALL einen Einfluss auf die Wirkung von Imatinib hat, ist aufgrund fehlender Daten unklar. In dieser Arbeit konnte die Bedeutung des APG als Resistenzmechanismus und Prognosefaktor für die Behandlung von Patienten mit CML in Blastenkrise und Bcr-Abl positiver ALL sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo belegt werden. In vitro führten Patientenseren mit steigender Konzentration von AGP zu einer signifikanten Abschwächung der Wirkung von Imatinib auf die Bcr-Abl positive Zelllinie BV173. In vivo wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der AGP Konzentration und dem Erfolg der Therapie mit Imatinib bei 42 erwachsenen Patienten mit Bcr-Abl positiver ALL (32 Patienten) bzw. CML in Blastenkrise (10 Patienten) untersucht. 25 Patienten (59,5%) erreichten unter der Therapie mit Imatinib als einziges zytoreduktives Medikament eine komplette Remission. Patienten, die eine komplette Remission erreichten, hatten signifikant niedrigere AGP Werte, als Patienten, die keine komplette Remission erreicht hatten. Ein AGP-Wert im Normbereich hatte einen positiven Vorhersagewert von 86% und eine Spezifität von 88% bezüglich des Erreichens einer kompletten Remission. Patienten mit erhöhten AGP Werten hatten verglichen mit Patienten mit normwertigen AGP Konzentrationen eine jeweils signifikant kürzere mediane Zeit bis zur Krankheitsprogression (1,5 Monate vs. 4,9 Monate), kürzere mediane krankheitsfreie Überlebenszeit (1,4 Monate vs. 4,7 Monate), kürzere mediane Gesamtüberlebenszeit (3,9 Monate vs. 16,5 Monate) sowie niedrigere Fünfjahresüberlebensrate (4% vs. 36%). Damit belegt diese Arbeit mit dem bisher größten Patientenkollektiv und dem bisher längsten Beobachtungszeitraum die Bedeutung von AGP als Prognosefaktor für die Imatinibbehandlung von Patienten mit CML in Blastenkrise und Bcr-Abl positiver ALL und liefert einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Resistenzentstehung. Möglicherweise könnte die Bestimmung von AGP in Zukunft zur Therapiestratifizierung beitragen.Treatment results in patients with Bcr-Abl positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis were extremely poor. The ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib has shown an overall response rate of 60% in those patients who failed chemotherapy, although the duration of response was shortlived. In this work the acute phase drug binding protein alpha1-acid glycoprotein (APG) could be defined as a leukemic cell independent resistance mechanism, and as a prognosis factor both in vitro and in vivo. Using sera from donors with rising concentrations of AGP resulted in inhibiting of the effect of imatinib on the Bcr-Abl positive cell line BV173 in vitro. In vivo, the relationship between AGP levels and the outcome of the treatment with imatinib were compared in 42 Patients with Bcr-Abl positive ALL (32 patients) or CML in blast crisis (10 patients). 25 patients (59,5%) achieved a complete remission (CR). Patients achieving a CR had significantly lower AGP concentrations than patients with initial therapy failure. An AGP value in the normal range had a positive prediction value of 86% and a specificity of 88% respective a CR. Patients with elevated AGP concentrations were characterised by a shorter median time to progression (1.5 months vs. 5.1 months), a shorter mediane disease-free survival time (1.4 months vs. 9.1 months), a shorter median overall survival time (3.9 months vs. 23.8 months) and a lower five-years survival rate (4% vs. 36%) than patients with AGP concentrations in the normal range. Thus, this data shows for the first time the importance of AGP as a prognosis factor and resistance mechanism for the treatment of patients with CML in blast crisis and Bcr-Abl positive ALL with imatinib. In future, determination of the AGP concentration could be used for therapy stratification

Reversible severe glycogenic hepatopathy in type 1 diabetes.

CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of severe glycogenic hepatopathy in a 17-year-old boy with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. On presentation, major findings included unexplained pronounced hepatomegaly and increased liver enzymes, ferritin, and triglycerides. Histology and electron microscopy evaluation showed severe glycogen storage, steatosis, and signs of fibrosis, resembling the histomorphological findings of Mauriac syndrome. After information about the nature of the disease and intensification of insulin therapy with insulin pump, liver enzymes, ferritin, and triglycerides normalized within 1 month. CONCLUSION Glycogenic hepatopathy is a rare but important potential complication in poorly controlled juvenile diabetic patients. With improved metabolic control, it is fully reversible

Access to Healthcare for Children and Adolescents with a Chronic Health Condition during the COVID-19 Pandemic: First Results from the KICK-COVID Study in Germany

This study examines the access to healthcare for children and adolescents with three common chronic diseases (type-1 diabetes (T1D), obesity, or juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)) within the 4th (Delta), 5th (Omicron), and beginning of the 6th (Omicron) wave (June 2021 until July 2022) of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany in a cross-sectional study using three national patient registries. A paper-and-pencil questionnaire was given to parents of pediatric patients (<21 years) during the routine check-ups. The questionnaire contains self-constructed items assessing the frequency of healthcare appointments and cancellations, remote healthcare, and satisfaction with healthcare. In total, 905 parents participated in the T1D-sample, 175 in the obesity-sample, and 786 in the JIA-sample. In general, satisfaction with healthcare (scale: 0–10; 10 reflecting the highest satisfaction) was quite high (median values: T1D 10, JIA 10, obesity 8.5). The proportion of children and adolescents with canceled appointments was relatively small (T1D 14.1%, JIA 11.1%, obesity 20%), with a median of 1 missed appointment, respectively. Only a few parents (T1D 8.6%; obesity 13.1%; JIA 5%) reported obstacles regarding health services during the pandemic. To conclude, it seems that access to healthcare was largely preserved for children and adolescents with chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany