Nanowire Zinc Oxide MOSFET Pressure Sensor

Fabrication and characterization of a new kind of pressure sensor using self-assembly Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanowires on top of the gate of a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is presented. Self-assembly ZnO nanowires were fabricated with a diameter of 80 nm and 800 nm height (80:8 aspect ratio) on top of the gate of the MOSFET. The sensor showed a 110% response in the drain current due to pressure, even with the expected piezoresistive response of the silicon device removed from the measurement. The pressure sensor was fabricated through low temperature bottom up ultrahigh aspect ratio ZnO nanowire growth using anodic alumina oxide (AAO) templates. The pressure sensor has two main components: MOSFET and ZnO nanowires. Silicon Dioxide growth, photolithography, dopant diffusion, and aluminum metallization were used to fabricate a basic MOSFET. In the other hand, a combination of aluminum anodization, alumina barrier layer removal, ZnO atomic layer deposition (ALD), and wet etching for nanowire release were optimized to fabricate the sensor on a silicon wafer. The ZnO nanowire fabrication sequence presented is at low temperature making it compatible with CMOS technology

Stabilization policies in Latin America: Some lessons for the new decade

The purpose of this paper is to review some stabilization and/or structural adjustment programs adopted in Latin America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia) during the period 1984-1988. The program of Israel is also included because it represents an interesting case for comparison. As a result of the analysis, a model of combined policies. (i.e. with orthodox and heterodox features) is proposed.

Central Banking and Macroeconomic Coordination: The Case of Colombia

This short paper addreses the issues of objectives, organizational arrangements and policy instruments of autonomous central banks, with particular reference to Colombia. Instead of resorting to mechanical extrapolations of other countries'experiences, we discuss the institucional "checks and balances" existing in the new Constitucion adopted back in 1991, when the Banco de la República was granted autonomy. We underscore the importance of coordination between the Ministry of Finance and the Central bank , if disinflation is to have a long- term effect. The Banco de la República has the peculiarity of being, besides the monetary and credit authority, the exchange rate market manager and regulator. Hence, the degree of coordination required under such institutional arrangement is certainly above some other central banks. Under current circumstances, neither the number of Board Members (seven, below an international average of eight) nor its chairing by the Minister of Finance (with no veto power or tight- breaking vote) are serious obstacles to maintaining single- digit inflation, while recovering fast economic growth.Classification JEL: Monetary policy (E52) Central Banking(E5(), Inflation (E31)

Real interest rate parity: Decomposition of financial and comercial components in the case of Colombia

The concept of interest rate parity is here revisited, emphasizing the different results that are obtained when the analysis is made either using a nominal interest rate difference, adjusted by the actual or expected rate of depreciation, or using a real interest rate difference. The results vary according to deviations from purchasing power parity .

Relative price and inflation uncertainty in Colombia: A case of chronic moderate inflation 1970-1990

This study explores two aspects of Colombian chronic but moderate inflation experience during the period 1970 1990. Based on time series analysis, the study suggests that the policy to increase relative price of energy products be complemented with expenditure reducing mechanisms to avoid the validation of higher price pressures stemming from other sectors. Moreover, it recommends efforts to dismantle indexation mechanisms, which make it difficult to reduce inflation.

Update on male reproductive endocrinology.

Practitioners of male reproductive and sexual medicine must have an intimate understanding of the physiology of male reproductive endocrinology, as such a knowledge is the cornerstone on which hormonal treatments are based. In this review, we highlight what is known about male reproductive endocrine physiology and the various control mechanisms for the system. We also discuss the limitations of our current understanding of the reproductive physiology. We hope that this review is helpful for male reproductive medicine practitioners in understanding the principles on which hormonal treatments are based

Differentiating cyclical and long-term income elasticities of import demand

Determining how imports react to cyclical and secular (long term) factors has been a recurrent theme in the empirical trade literature. The evidence suggests that cyclical income elasticities of import demand are generally higher than long term elasticities - particularly for basic materials and semi-manufactured goods. Traditional models generally underestimate the cyclical response in imports, and overestimate the long term response. For example, estimates of income elasticity using a traditional import model average 1.4 and 1.2 respectively. The authors'model suggests a cyclical elasticity averaging 2.6. This result suggests that the two elasticities may differ by an even larger factor for developing countries. Relative prices generally are more important in determining import demand in Latin America and Asian-Pacific countries, in this model, but seem to have little effect in the African and (surprisingly) Mediterranean countries. In countries for which both cyclical and long-term income elasticities are significantly different from zero, relative price coefficients are also significantly different than in countries for which income parameters are not significantly different from zero.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Inequality,Economic Conditions and Volatility,Achieving Shared Growth