The number of species of five lineages recorded during the two sampling periods (1902–1904 and 2006–2007), the number of species shared between the two periods and the mean upper range margin of the species shared during the two periods.

*<p>The Hymenoptera include Symphyta, Formicidae and Aculeata.</p><p>For the period 2006–2007, the mean altitude of all species with at least two records is shown in parentheses.</p

Percentage of species occurring above a specific elevation and shifts of the upper range margin of individual species in relation to frequency.

<p>(a) Comparison of the percentage of species occurring above a specific elevation in the two surveys in the low-range mountain forests of the Bavarian Forest National Park. To generate these plots, we used the empirical cumulative distribution function (for details, see Statistical methods) from 1902–1904 (blue) and 2006–2007 (red) and included only species that were recorded in both surveys. The stair-step pattern is a consequence of sampling discrete sites on the gradient. Note that the highest points sampled in each survey differ somewhat. p-values and the maximum distance (D) arising from a Kolmogorov Smirnov test are given. For Coleoptera, we recalculated the curves for species with at least 5, 10 and 50 individuals (grey lines). (b) Shift of the upper range margin between the surveys of 1902–1904 and 2006–2007 in relation to the number of plots on which a species was recorded (frequency).</p

Mean annual temperature, annual precipitation and expected upslope shift over time.

<p>The first recordings of the mean annual temperature (a) and annual precipitation (b) in the study area were in 1886. The shaded areas indicate the two sampling periods (1902–1904 and 2006–2007). Each red line indicates a moving average across 20 years. Expectations in the upslope shift were calculated from the differences in temperature of the two periods and the local lapse rate (for details, see Statistical analysis).</p

Mean shift of the upper range margin of species.

<p>Box plots of shifts in the upper ranges of single species of the lineages under study between 1902–1904 and 2006–2007. Each outlier is shown (outside the 10^th and 90^th percentiles). The mean shift of each lineage is indicated by a blue line. The black line indicates the mean expected shift of 125 m; the area shaded in grey represents the range of the expected shift of 51–201 m. Calculations are based on regional climate data (for detail, see Statistical methods).</p

supermatrix_9647x 5274

supermatrix_9647x 527

RAxML_GAMMACAT_9reg_wguide

RAxML_GAMMACAT_9reg_wguid

Supplement_data2

Community matrix with fungal species as rows and host plant species as columns

JoE_Krah2018_richness_data

Species number and environmental variables

Multiscale bark beetle disturbance data

Multiscale bark beetle disturbance dat

JoE_Krah2018_community_data

Community matrix and environmental variables