Deficiency of immunity to poliovirus type 3: a lurking danger?

Background: Europe was certified to be polio-free in 2002 by the WHO. However, wild polioviruses remain endemic in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria, occasionally causing polio outbreaks, as in Tajikistan in 2010. Therefore, effective surveillance measures and vaccination campaigns remain important. To determine the poliovirus immune status of a German study population, we retrospectively evaluated the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies (NA) to the poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 (PV1, 2, 3) in serum samples collected from 1,632 patients admitted the University Hospital of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in 2001, 2005 and 2010. Methods: Testing was done by using a standardized microneutralization assay. Results: Level of immunity to PV1 ranged between 84.2% (95%CI: 80.3-87.5), 90.4% (88.3-92.3) and 87.5% (85.4-88.8) in 2001, 2005 and 2010. For PV2, we found 90.8% (87.5-90.6), 91.3% (89.3-93.1) and 89.8% (88.7-90.9), in the same period. Seroprevalence to PV3 was 76.6% (72.2-80.6), 69.8% (66.6-72.8) and 72.9% (67.8-77.5) in 2001 and 2005 and 2010, respectively. In 2005 and 2010 significant lower levels of immunity to PV3 in comparison to PV1 and 2 were observed. Since 2001, immunity to PV3 is gradually, but not significantly decreasing. Conclusion: Immunity to PV3 is insufficient in our cohort. Due to increasing globalization and worldwide tourism, the danger of polio-outbreaks is not averted - even not in developed countries, such as Germany. Therefore, vaccination remains necessary

Entwicklung und Implementierung von Datenbankalgorithmen und Schnittstellen zur epidemiologischen Echtzeit-Darstellung meldepflichtiger Infektionskrankheiten in einem geomedizinischen Analysesystem

Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts demonstrierte John Snow anhand differenzierter Beobachtungen zur Cholera in London, wie epidemiologisches Wissen und gezielte Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung öffentlicher Gesundheitsprobleme beitragen können. Rund 150 Jahre später sieht sich die Bevölkerung einem stetig wachsenden globalen Güter- und Personenverkehr gegenüber, welcher auch Krankheitserregern eine interkontinentale Ausbreitung innerhalb weniger Stunden ermöglicht, wie eindrucksvoll am Beispiel SARS im Jahre 2003 deutlich wurde. Nationale Beispiele, allen voran die Salmonellen-Epidemie in Fulda im Jahre 2007, zeigen, welche bedeutungsvolle Rolle die Infektionsepidemiologie und die -hygiene auch im 21. Jahrhundert einnimmt. Das frühzeitige Erkennen und ein effizientes Eingreifen durch die Öffentlichen Gesundheitsbehörden sind zur Eindämmung einer Epidemie unabdingbar. Die Verknüpfung medizinischer und geographischer Daten kann Beides wesentlich beschleunigen und ermöglicht die frühzeitige Erkennung eskalierender Infektionsherde. Ziel der vorliegenden Pilotstudie ist die Entwicklung einer Schnittstelle zur Implementierung und Analyse meldepflichtiger Infektionskrankheiten in einem geomedizinischen Informationssystem. Erstmals im Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst wird diese Verknüpfung technisch mittels eines Geoinformationssystems realisiert, welches die Georeferenzierung mithilfe von Regionalidentifikationsnummern und der anschließende Visualisierung der im Gesundheitsamt anfallenden krankheitsbezogenen Daten ermöglicht. Der Datentransfer von dem im Amt für Gesundheit genutzten Datenbankprogramm Gumax® zu dem im Vermessungsamt der Stadt Frankfurt am Main probaten Geoinformationssystem Office-GIS gelingt über einen SQL-Server, einem Datenbankmanagementsystem, welches das Speichern, Bearbeiten und Analysieren vergleichsweise großer Datenmengen ermöglicht. Anschließend können Meldeort und Wohnort des an einer nach §§ 6, 7 IfSG meldepflichtigen Infektionserkrankung Erkrankten in der Stadtplan-, Liegenschaftskarte oder Luftbildaufnahme visualisiert werden. Hierüber lassen sich zudem personen- und objektbezogene Krankheitsquellen (z. B. Restaurant, Schule, Kindergarten, Krankenhaus) eruieren. Diese Daten können effizient genutzt werden, um schnell und dezidiert in ein Krankheitsgeschehen eindämmend eingreifen zu können. Mit diesem System könnten auch bioterroristische Anschläge wesentlich schneller erkannt werden, da die Ausbreitungsmodalitäten beispielsweise vom verwendeten Agens, meteorologischen, tageszeitlichen und demographischen Gegebenheiten abhängen. Diesen zusätzlichen Größen soll in erweiterten technischen Realisationen dieses Systems Rechnung getragen werden.In the mid-19th century John Snow looked into cholera in London. His observations demonstrate that epidemiological knowledge and selective measures can accomplish public health threats. Almost 150 years later world population benefits from globalization on the one hand. Then again, to instance SARS in 2003, the globalization alleviates the spread of infectious diseases. National examples as well, first and foremost the epidemic incidence of salmonella in Fulda in 2007, show the decisive role of epidemiology in the 21st century.To dam up an epidemic efficient intervention and early identification are necessary. Latter, as John Snow proved several decades before, succeeds by linking medical and geographical data. Objective of the present pilot study is to develop an interface to implement and analyse notifiable infectious diseases in a geo-medical system. Via a geographical information system (GIS), which supports georeferencing by means of regional identification numbers (RID), it is possible to visualize those, by public health department (PHD) Frankfurt am Main collected health related data, for the first time. The data collected by PHD Frankfurt am Main are stored in a database called Gumax®. The data transfer to Office-GIS, which is used by the Cadastral Office in Frankfurt a.M., manages a SQL-Server. The SQL-Server is a database, which supports storing, editing and analyzing comparatively larger mounds of data. Afterwards the announcement’s office, the patient’s residence and the origin of notifiable infection (§§ 6,7 IfSG) are presentable in a field map, city map or optionally in an aerial photograph. That enables meshing rapidly and decided with looming epidemics by identifying individual- and material-related (e. g. restaurants) focuses. Dispersal e. g. depends on pathogen, ever-changing meteorological, demographical modalities and time of day. The technical proceedings to imbed those features in a GIS and to simulate biological terrorism are still remained unanswered up to now

Elevated prevalence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms in HIV positive men

Background: Routes of transmission of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms (MDRGN) are not completely understood. Since sexual transmission of MDRGN might represent a potential mode that has not been noticed so far, this study evaluated transmission of MDRGN in HIV positive men. Methods: Between November 2014 and March 2016, we retrospectively investigated the MDRGN prevalence in rectal swabs of n = 109 males tested positive for HIV (HP). These findings were compared to the MDRGN prevalence in n = 109 rectal swabs in age-matched males tested negative for HIV (HN) within the same period. According to the infection control protocol of University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany (UHF), patients admitted to intensive/intermediate care units have to be screened for MDRGN on day of admittance. Patients without HIV testing or MDRGN screening were excluded. Results: MDRGN prevalence in rectal swabs was significantly higher (p = 0.002) in male HP (23.9%;95% confidence interval 16.2-32.9%) than in age-matched male HN (8.3%;3.8-15.1%). In total, 35 MDRGN species were detected. The most frequent MDRGN species was Escherichia coli with resistance due to ESBL expression and additional resistance to fluoroquinolones with n = 25/35 (71.4%;53.7-85.4%). Thereof, n = 19/26 (73.1%;52.2-88.4%) were detected in HP and n = 6/9 (66.7%;29.9-92.5%) in HN, respectively. Conclusions: Prevalence of MDRGN is significantly higher in male HIV positive than in male HIV negative individuals. This might indicate sexual transmission of MDRGN within the male HIV positive population. As treatment options in case of MRGN infections are limited, prevention of MDRGN transmission is strongly emphasized

Immunotherapy and vaccination: interfering factors in serological diagnostics

Qualitative und quantitative serologische Verfahren können durch Interferenzen gestört sein. Wir konnten in einem exemplarischen Fall anhand des Influenza A/H1N1v-Hämagglutinationshemmtests (H1N1-HHT) zeigen, dass auch Hyposensibilisierungstherapie und Vakzination zu Interaktionen in der serologischen Diagnostik führen und die Aussagekraft des H1N1-HHT massiv beeinträchtigen. Vor dem Hintergrund, dass Hyposensibilisierung und Vakzination im Klinik- und Praxisalltag häufig erbrachte Leistungen darstellen, erscheint dieser Umstand berichtenswert.A variety of factors are known to influence qualitative and quantitative serological assays. Here, we discuss such pitfalls in serology emerging in a case of influenza A/H1N1v-hemagglutination inhibition test (H1N1-HHT) subsequent to hyposensitization and vaccinations. Assuming that hyposensitization and vaccinations are frequently provided services, their potential interference with serological assays should be considered

Handling of laundry in nursing homes in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2016 – laundry and professional clothing as potential pathways of bacterial transfer

Background: In accordance with the German Infection Protection Act, the treatment and handling of laundry was checked by the Public Health Department in 2016 in all Frankfurt nursing homes with special focus on the staff’s clothing.Methods: On-site visits and surveys were conducted in all 44 nursing homes in Frankfurt/Main, Germany, and random microbiological examinations of 58 reprocessed and 58 already worn protective gowns were performed to determine the numbers of the colony forming units (cfu) and microbiological differentiation of the pathogen species.Results: 41 (93%) of the 44 homes tested had contracted a certified laundry service. 23 (52%) of the homes also ran a laundry of their own; in 21 of these, laundry was reprocessed and disinfected in an industrial washing machine. Regular technical or microbiological tests were carried out in 16 or 12 of the home-owned laundries, respectively. Only (70%) provided uniforms for their employees. The staff’s clothing was processed in 25 homes by the external laundry, in 9 homes by the internal laundry, and in 12 homes, the nursing staff had to do this privately at their own home.Used coats exhibited significantly higher contamination than freshly prepared ones (median: 80 vs. 2 cfu/25 cm; P 95 percentile: 256 cfu vs. 81 cfu/25 cm). Clothing prepared in private homes showed significantly higher contamination rates than those washed in the certified external laundry or in the nursing homes themselves (Median: vs. 0.5–1 cfu/25 cm).Conclusion: Considering various publications on pathogen transfers and outbreaks due to contaminated laundry in medical facilities, the treatment of laundry, in particular the uniforms, must be given more attention, also in nursing homes for the elderly. The private reprocessing of occupational clothing by the employees at home must be rejected on hygienic principles, and is furthermore prohibited by law in Germany

Severe infection with multidrug-resistant Salmonella choleraesuis in a young patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis

Massive global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. expressing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and additional resistance to fluoroquinolones has often been attributed to high international mobility as well as excessive use of oral antibiotics in livestock farming. However, MDR Salmonella spp. have not been mentioned as a widespread pathogen in clinical settings so far. We demonstrate the case of a 25-year-old male with primary sclerosing cholangitis who tested positive for MDR Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis expressing ESBL and fluoroquinolone resistance. The pathogen was supposedly acquired during a trip to Thailand, causing severe fever, cholangitis and pancreatitis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis in Europe expressing such a multidrug resistance pattern. ESBL resistance of Salmonella enterica spp. should be considered in patients with obstructive biliary tract pathology and travel history in endemic countries

Multidrug-resistant organisms detected in refugee patients admitted to a University Hospital, Germany June‒December 2015

Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR GNB) were found to colonise 60.8% (95% confidence interval: 52.3–68.9) of 143 refugee patients mainly from Syria (47), Afghanistan (29), and Somalia (14) admitted to the University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany, between June and December 2015. This percentage exceeds the prevalence of MDR GNB in resident patients four–fold. Healthcare personnel should be aware of this and the need to implement or adapt adequate infection control measures