Administración del Bono Productivo Alimentario por Protagonistas del Municipio de Condega en el año 2015

El objeto de estudio es el programa productivo alimentario “Hambre Cero” impulsado por el gobierno de Nicaragua a familias protagonistas que habitan en el municipio de Condega y que fueron beneficiadas con el Bono Productivo Alimentario en el año 2015. La investigación es cuantitativa. El objetivo es evaluar qué estrategias implementan las protagonistas durante la administración de los bienes del bono, además conocer los principales factores que inciden en la sostenibilidad de estos recursos, de tal manera proponer una estrategia que permita mejorar el manejo de los recursos: incrementar la producción de alimentos para el autoconsumo, comercializar excedentes de lo producido y fortalecer sus capacidades organizativas lo que permitirá una mayor sostenibilidad y reducir la pobreza en la economía familiar. Se aporta a los programas sociales y a las familias pobres del campo. Los ejes teóricos: pobreza, programa políticas públicas para las mujeres, programas sociales en la reducción de la pobreza y estrategias de administración. Es importante para Nicaragua, aunque ya existen algunos estudios sobre programas sociales y sus aportes en la reducción de la pobreza, sin embargo son pocos los estudios que enfatizan cómo familias administran los recursos de estos programas, principalmente las mujeres

Pupation site selection in the presence of conspecific and <i>D. pavani</i> larval cues in <i>D. melanogaster</i> larvae.

<p><b>A–H</b>; white column, filter paper moistened with food used by larvae of the strain; black column, paper moistened with Oregon R-c food. <b>I–P</b>, white column, filter paper moistened with food of the strain; black column, paper moistened with food processed by <i>D. pavani</i> larvae. For details, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102159#pone-0102159-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>; statistical analysis in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102159#pone.0102159.s005" target="_blank">Table S3</a>.</p

Pupation behavior of third-instar larvae <i>D. melanogaster</i> stimulated by the odors emanating from filter paper moistened with virgin food, food processed by conspecific larvae, and food worked by <i>D. pavani</i> larvae.

<p>Preferences are shown as percentage of pupae ± SE on the papers, N = 10 replicates, 200 larvae per strain. White column (<b>A</b>–<b>P</b>), filter paper moistened with virgin food. Black column, filter paper moistened with food worked by larvae of the strain (<b>A</b>–<b>H</b>) and <i>D. pavani</i> larvae (<b>I</b>–<b>P</b>). The strains tested were: Oregon R-c (Or) and Canton-Special (CS), wild type, laboratory stocks, and Til-Til (TT) and Trana (Tr), wild type, natural populations. Mutant strains were also tested: <i>vestigial</i> (<i>vg</i>); <i>Orco</i>, dendritic localization of odorant receptors is abolished; <i>Syn^97CS</i> learning mutant, deletion for phosphoproteins in presynaptic terminals; <i>rut</i> learning mutant, encodes a calmodulin dependent adenylate cyclase that converts ATP to cyclic AMP. Statistical significance is in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102159#pone.0102159.s004" target="_blank">Table S2</a>.</p

Pupa aggregations indexes (R) and number of pupae on agar of the Oregon R-c (A), Canton-Special (B), TIl-Til (C), Trana (D), <i>vestigial</i> (<i>vg</i>) (E), <i>Orco</i> (F), <i>Syn^97CS</i> (G), and <i>rut</i> (H) strains of <i>D. melanogaster</i>.

<p>White triangle indicate aggregation in the presence of conspecific larval odors; black circle, aggregation in the presence of <i>D. pavani</i> larval odors. R = 1.0 indicates that individuals are randomly distributed over substrates. R = 0.0, maximum aggregation. For statistical significance, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102159#pone.0102159.s005" target="_blank">Table S3</a>.</p

<i>D. pavani</i>, <i>D. gaucha</i> and the hybrids pupation site preferences.

<p>The larvae were stimulated by signals emitted from a paper moistened with virgin food and a paper moistened with food worked by conspecific larvae (<b>A–D</b>), and from a paper moistened with virgin food and a paper moistened with the Oregon R-c strain (<b>E–H</b>). For details, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102159#pone-0102159-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>; statistical analysis in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102159#pone.0102159.s004" target="_blank">Table S2</a>.</p

The Identification of Congeners and Aliens by <i>Drosophila</i> Larvae

<div><p>We investigated the role of <i>Drosophila</i> larva olfactory system in identification of congeners and aliens. We discuss the importance of these activities in larva navigation across substrates, and the implications for allocation of space and food among species of similar ecologies. Wild type larvae of cosmopolitan <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> and endemic <i>D</i>. <i>pavani</i>, which cohabit the same breeding sites, used species-specific volatiles to identify conspecifics and aliens moving toward larvae of their species. <i>D</i>. <i>gaucha</i> larvae, a sibling species of <i>D</i>. <i>pavani</i> that is ecologically isolated from <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i>, did not respond to <i>melanogaster</i> odor cues. Similar to <i>D</i>. <i>pavani</i> larvae, the navigation of <i>pavani</i> female x <i>gaucha</i> male hybrids was influenced by conspecific and alien odors, whereas <i>gaucha</i> female x <i>pavani</i> male hybrid larvae exhibited behavior similar to the <i>D</i>. <i>gaucha</i> parent. The two sibling species exhibited substantial evolutionary divergence in processing the odor inputs necessary to identify conspecifics. <i>Orco</i> (<i>Or83b</i>) mutant larvae of <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i>, which exhibit a loss of sense of smell, did not distinguish conspecific from alien larvae, instead moving across the substrate. <i>Syn</i>^<i>97CS</i> and <i>rut</i> larvae of <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i>, which are unable to learn but can smell, moved across the substrate as well. The <i>Orco</i> (<i>Or83b</i>), <i>Syn</i>^<i>97CS</i> and <i>rut</i> loci are necessary to orient navigation by <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> larvae. Individuals of the Trana strain of <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> did not respond to conspecific and alien larval volatiles and therefore navigated randomly across the substrate. By contrast, larvae of the Til-Til strain used larval volatiles to orient their movement. Natural populations of <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> may exhibit differences in identification of conspecific and alien larvae. Larval locomotion was not affected by the volatiles.</p></div

Navigation of <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> larvae stimulated by conspecific larval odors of different strains and conspecific and <i>D</i>. <i>pavani</i> odors.

<p>Percentage of larvae on papers impregnated, respectively, in (i) food used by larvae of the strain, white triangles, and (ii) food worked by Oregon R-c larvae, black circles (<b>A–H</b>). For Oregon R-c larvae the papers were moistened, respectively, in Oregon R-c food and Canton-Special food. (<b>I-P</b>), white triangles, filter paper moistened in food of the strain; black circles, filter paper moistened in <i>D</i>. <i>pavani</i> food. For further details see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136363#pone.0136363.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>.</p

Navigation of third-instar larvae of <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> stimulated by conspecific odors and <i>D</i>. <i>pavani</i> odors.

<p><b>(A–H),</b> response to sterile food aroma and food processed by Oregon R-c larvae (<i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i>). <b>(I–P),</b> response to sterile food aroma and food worked by La Florida larvae (<i>D</i>. <i>pavani</i><b>).</b> Navigation toward sterile food, congeners and alien odors is shown as percentage of larvae ± SE arriving at the papers. Black circle (<b>A–P</b>), filter paper moistened in sterile food. White triangle (<b>A–H</b>), filter paper moistened in food used by Oregon R-c larvae (<i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i>) or La Florida larvae (<i>D</i>. <i>pavani</i>) (<b>I–P</b>). When standard errors are not shown is because they are too small.</p

Image_1_Long-term social isolation stress exacerbates sex-specific neurodegeneration markers in a natural model of Alzheimer’s disease.pdf

Social interactions have a significant impact on health in humans and animal models. Social isolation initiates a cascade of stress-related physiological disorders and stands as a significant risk factor for a wide spectrum of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, social isolation stress (SIS) is indicative of cognitive decline and risk to neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of chronic, long-term SIS on the propensity to develop hallmarks of AD in young degus (Octodon degus), a long-lived animal model that mimics sporadic AD naturally. We examined inflammatory factors, bioenergetic status, reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, antioxidants, abnormal proteins, tau protein, and amyloid-β (Aβ) levels in the hippocampus of female and male degus that were socially isolated from post-natal and post-weaning until adulthood. Additionally, we explored the effect of re-socialization following chronic isolation on these protein profiles. Our results showed that SIS promotes a pro-inflammatory scenario more severe in males, a response that was partially mitigated by a period of re-socialization. In addition, ATP levels, ROS, and markers of oxidative stress are severely affected in female degus, where a period of re-socialization fails to restore them as it does in males. In females, these effects might be linked to antioxidant enzymes like catalase, which experience a decline across all SIS treatments without recovery during re-socialization. Although in males, a previous enzyme in antioxidant pathway diminishes in all treatments, catalase rebounds during re-socialization. Notably, males have less mature neurons after chronic isolation, whereas phosphorylated tau and all detectable forms of Aβ increased in both sexes, persisting even post re-socialization. Collectively, these findings suggest that long-term SIS may render males more susceptible to inflammatory states, while females are predisposed to oxidative states. In both scenarios, the accumulation of tau and Aβ proteins increase the individual susceptibility to early-onset neurodegenerative conditions such as AD.</p