Low-dose sufentanil dœs not potentiate intra-thecal morphine for perioperative analgesia after major colorectal surgery

Purpose: Both intrathecal sufentanil (ITS) and intrathecal morphine (ITM) improve analgesia in obstetrical or cardiac procedures. From a pharmacokinetic standpoint, combining these two opioids may improve perioperative analgesia. We performed a prospective randomized double-blind study to compare the analgesic efficacy of ITM alone vs a mixture of a low dose of ITS plus ITM for perioperative pain relief in colorectal surgery. Methods: Eighty adult patients undergoing colorectal surgery were randomly allocated to receive either 0.4 mg ITM alone or 10 µg ITS plus 0.4 mg ITM before general anesthesia. Intraoperative intravenous sufentanil consumption, postoperative morphine consumption delivered with a patient controlled analgesia device, pain scores, patient satisfaction and adverse effects were recorded for the first 48 hr postoperatively. Results: No differences were observed between groups with respect to intraoperative sufentanil consumption (39 ± 23 µg in group ITM and 40 ± 25 µg in group ITS plus ITM, P = 0.85) and in postoperative morphine consumption in postanesthesia care unit (6 ± 5 mg vs 6 ± 5 mg, P = 0.59), at 24 hr (26 ± 17 vs 24 ± 15 mg, P = 0.59) and at 48 hr (47 ± 31 vs 44 ± 22 mg, P = 0.58). Similarly, no differences were observed in regards to pain relief, patient satisfaction and incidence of adverse effects. Conclusions: These results do not support the addition of 10 µg ITS to 0.4 mg ITM for colorectal surgery, as low dose sufentanil dœs not improve intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in this settin

Preoperative assessment in the elderly

As a consequence of improving medical care, anesthetic care and surgical skill, anesthetists will be faced more and more with elderly patients. Aging is an all-encompassing, multifactorial process which results in decreased capacity for adaptation and produces a gradual decrease in functional reserve of many of the body's organ systems. The pre-operative assessment of the elderly should respond to a logic of safety, ethic, adequate resource management and network between all medical specialties in charge of the patient. Every patient should be assessed individually in regard of the inter subjects variability, and the organ at risk should be particularly evaluated

Hepatopulmonary syndrome: the anaesthetic considerations

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a pulmonary complication observed in patients with chronic liver disease and/or portal hypertension, attributable to an intrapulmonary vascular dilatation that induces severe hypoxaemia. Considering the favourable long-term survival of HPS patients as well as the reversal of the syndrome with a functional liver graft, HPS is now an indication for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Consequently, blood gas analysis and imaging techniques should be performed when cirrhotic patients present with shortness of breath as well as when OLT candidates are placed on the transplant waiting list. If the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) is more than 10.7 kPa when breathing room air, HPS can be excluded and no other investigation is needed. When the PaO2 when breathing room air is 10.7 kPa or less, contrast-enhanced echocardiography should be performed to exclude pulmonary vascular dilatation. Lung function tests may also help detect additional pulmonary diseases that can contribute to impaired oxygenation. When contrast-enhanced echocardiography is negative, HPS is excluded and no follow-up is needed. When contrast-enhanced echocardiography is positive and PaO2 less than 8 kPa, patients should obtain a severity score that provides them with a reasonable probability of being transplanted within 3 months. In mild-to-moderate HPS (PaO2 8 to 10.6 kPa), periodic follow-up is recommended every 3 months to detect any further deterioration in PaO2. Although no intraoperative deaths have been directly attributed to HPS, oxygenation may worsen immediately following OLT due to volume overload and postoperative infections. Mechanical ventilation is often prolonged with an extended stay in the ICU. A high postoperative mortality (mostly within 6 months) is observed in this group of patients in comparison to non-HPS patients. However, the recovery of an adequate PaO2 within 12 months after OLT explains the similar outcome of HPS and non-HPS patients following OLT over a longer time period

Effects of abdominal CO2 insufflation and changes of position on hepatic blood flow in anesthetized pigs

During surgical laparoscopy, total hepatic blood flow (THBF) may be modified by CO2 insufflation, changes of tilt, ventilation with high tidal volume, hypercapnia, and anesthesia, but little information is available on the THBF during the procedure. To investigate the changes of hepatic blood flow following the combination of abdominal CO2 insufflation and changes of tilt, we measured mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output, portal vein blood flow (PVBF), and hepatic artery blood flow (HABF) in anesthetized and ventilated pigs. CO2 was insufflated in the abdomen [intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) approximately 15 mmHg], and the hepatic blood flow was measured in various positions (horizontal, 10 degrees and 20 degrees head down, and 10 degrees and 20 degrees head up) before and during CO2 insufflation. CO2 insufflation in the horizontal position did not modify MAP, cardiac output, or PVBF but increased HABF. The head-up tilt decreased MAP, cardiac output, and both hepatic flows in the absence of pneumoperitoneum, but in the presence of abdominal CO2 only cardiac output and PVBF were decreased. The head-down tilt increased MAP and THBF in the absence of pneumoperitoneum, whereas no change was observed in the presence of abdominal CO2. The combination of CO2 insufflation and changes of tilt was not deleterious to hepatic perfusion. These results suggest that hepatic blood flow may be preserved during surgical laparoscopy if the tilt does not exceed 20 degrees and if IAP after CO2 insufflation remains <15 mmHg

Pain intensity and pain relief after surgery. A comparison between patients' reported assessments and nurses' and physicians' observations

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pain remains a problem for many patients. One of the reasons could lie in the insufficient evaluation of pain and analgesia. This study was designed to obtain more insight in the performance of nurses and physicians in evaluating patients' postoperative pain and pain relief. METHODS: Forty patients hospitalised in one surgical unit and the 8 nurses and the 2 surgical residents in charge of this unit were investigated. Patients were asked to assess on a visual analogue scale the intensity of their pain and their pain relief at rest, on coughing and globally since the operation, on the first and second postoperative days and the day before hospital discharge. Separately, the nurses and the physicians were asked to evaluate the pain intensity and the pain relief for each patient involved. A MANOVA and a multiple comparisons test with Bonferroni adjustment were used. RESULTS: At rest, only nurses underestimated pain intensity on the day before hospital discharge. On coughing, physicians underestimated pain intensity in all 3 assessments, whereas nurses only in the 3rd assessment (on the day before hospital discharge). Globally, physicians underestimated pain intensity in all 3 assessments, nurses in the 2nd and the 3rd assessment. Only physicians overestimated pain relief on coughing on the day before hospital discharge and globally in all 3 assessments. Surprisingly, the pain scores rated by the patients before hospital discharge were high. CONCLUSION: The results of this survey suggest that assessment of pain and pain relief is inadequately done by both physicians and nurses. This emphasises the importance of a better training, and a systematic assessment of pain intensity and pain relief

The influence of an aging surgical population on the anesthesia workload: a ten-year survey

To assess the evolution of the anesthetic workload related to elderly population ( ≥ 65 yr) at the University Hospital of Geneva, the total number of anesthesia cases, high-risk patients, and emergency procedures, as well as the total duration of anesthesia and incidence of perianesthetic complications, were retrospectively analyzed over 10 yr. The squared correlation coefficient was used to assess the proportion of variance explained by the linear regression of the absolute and the relative number of events over time. More than 165,000 anesthesia procedures were analyzed, and the data were separated into two groups: the younger population (<65 yr) and the elderly population ( ≥ 65 yr). From 1985 to 1994, the elderly surgical population grew significantly faster (P < 0.001) than the elderly resident population (from 20.3% to 25.1% versus from 12.5% to 13.6%). Half of the increased number of anesthesia cases during this period were administered to elderly patients. The number of high-risk elderly patients increased by 48.3% (P < 0.0001). The number of emergency procedures in elderly patients increased only until 1991, and a significant decrease in the incidence of perianesthetic complications was observed. Because the mean duration of each procedure remained constant, the increased anesthetic workload in our institution was mainly due to increased geriatric surgical activity. Implications: During a study period of 10 yr, the increased anesthetic workload (defined as the number of anesthesia cases, high-risk patients, emergency procedures, and complication rate) at the University Hospital of Geneva was mainly due to the increased geriatric (patients ≥ 65 yr) surgical activity, not to the aging of the resident population

Hip fracture surgery: is the pre-operative American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score a predictor of functional outcome?

Many studies have identified specific demographic, social, health or life-style pre-operative indicators of long-term outcome among older hip fracture patients who underwent surgical treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive value of peri- and intra-operative factors, and more specifically of the pre-operative American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score on functional outcome in these patients

Laparoscopic colon surgery: unreliability of end-tidal CO2 monitoring

BACKGROUND: The relatively good haemodynamic and respiratory tolerance to abdominal CO(2) insufflation has mostly been observed in healthy patients during short-lasting laparoscopic procedures. End-tidal CO(2) pressure (PetCO(2)) has been shown to be a reliable method to assess arterial CO(2) (PaCO(2)) in the absence of cardio-respiratory disease in this setting. However, no study has investigated whether PetCO(2) is accurately related to PaCO(2) during laparoscopic colon surgery. Indeed, these procedures last longer, prolonging the pneumoperitoneum and requiring a Trendelenburg position. The aim of the present study was to measure the PaCO(2)-PetCO(2) difference over time in patients undergoing laparoscopic colon surgery and to determine whether PaCO(2) is reliably assessed by PetCO(2). METHODS: Forty consecutive patients (ASA I and II) scheduled for laparoscopic colon surgery were anaesthetized and ventilated to obtain a PetCO(2) between 4.0 and 5.5 kPa. After initiation of CO(2) insufflation, PaCO(2) and PetCO(2) were recorded every 30 min during surgery. RESULTS: No complication was observed during anaesthesia. The mean arterial pressure increased significantly after CO(2) insufflation and remained steady up to the end of pneumoperitoneum. The heart rate remained stable over time. The relation between PaCO(2) and PetCO(2) was not constant among patients and increased over time within the same patients. The R(2) values fluctuated and did not show a constant correlation between PaCO(2) and PetCO(2). CONCLUSION: The correlation between PaCO(2) and PetCO(2) during laparoscopic colon surgery is inconsistent mainly due to inter- and intra-individual variability

Prognosis of Functional Recovery 1 Year After Hip Fracture: Typical Patient Profiles Through Cluster Analysis

{{Background}} Many investigators have identified distinct medical, demographic and psychological prefracture conditions that influence the funtional outcome of patients surgically treated for a fracture of the hip. However, to design efficient intervention care programs addressing the needs of these patients, at optimal economic and social costs, more information is required on the typical combinations of prognostic determinants actually encountered. {{Methods}} Data on specific descriptors of the prefracture status and on mobility and functioning 1 year after surgical intervention were collected by interview from 253 consecutive patients hospitalized for a fracture of the proximal femur. Cluster analysis was used to form homogeneous groups of patients with similar profiles in terms of the 13 predictive variables and the 7 outcome variables significantly interrelated. The modeling procedure generated four clusters of patients with a typical profile sharply contrasted by their structure. {{Results}} Subjects of two clusters could walk without difficulty and were functionally independant prior to their hip fracture. One year later, however, mobiliy and functioning were only fully recovered by the members of one cluster. The majority of predictors were of less favorable prognostic value for the members of the second cluster. The other two clusters regrouped patients with impaired prefracture mobility that were either unaltered or even aggravated 1 year later. {{Conclusions}} Cluster analysis identified typical profiles of elderly hip fracture patients. Close scrutiny of their respective global structure, in terms of combined prognostic determinants and outcomes, may help to develop specific management strategies that are more efficiently adapted to these different groups of patients