Plum pudding random medium model of biological tissue toward remote microscopy from spectroscopic light scattering

Biological tissue has a complex structure and exhibits rich spectroscopic behavior. There is \emph{no} tissue model up to now able to account for the observed spectroscopy of tissue light scattering and its anisotropy. Here we present, \emph{for the first time}, a plum pudding random medium (PPRM) model for biological tissue which succinctly describes tissue as a superposition of distinctive scattering structures (plum) embedded inside a fractal continuous medium of background refractive index fluctuation (pudding). PPRM faithfully reproduces the wavelength dependence of tissue light scattering and attributes the "anomalous" trend in the anisotropy to the plum and the powerlaw dependence of the reduced scattering coefficient to the fractal scattering pudding. Most importantly, PPRM opens up a novel venue of quantifying the tissue architecture and microscopic structures on average from macroscopic probing of the bulk with scattered light alone without tissue excision. We demonstrate this potential by visualizing the fine microscopic structural alterations in breast tissue (adipose, glandular, fibrocystic, fibroadenoma, and ductal carcinoma) deduced from noncontact spectroscopic measurement

Beneficial effect of human anti-amyloid-β active immunization on neurite morphology and tau pathology

Anti-amyloid-β immunization leads to amyloid clearance in patients with Alzheimer's disease, but the effect of vaccination on amyloid-β-induced neuronal pathology has not been quantitatively examined. The objectives of this study were to address the effects of anti-amyloid-β active immunization on neurite trajectories and the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease in the human hippocampus. Hippocampal sections from five patients with Alzheimer's disease enrolled in the AN1792 Phase 2a trial were compared with those from 13 non-immunized Braak-stage and age-matched patients with Alzheimer's disease, and eight age-matched non-demented controls. Analyses included neurite curvature ratio as a quantitative measure of neuritic abnormalities, amyloid and tau loads, and a quantitative characterization of plaque-associated neuritic dystrophy and astrocytosis. Amyloid load and density of dense-core plaques were decreased in the immunized group compared to non-immunized patients (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). The curvature ratio in non-immunized patients with Alzheimer's disease was elevated compared to non-demented controls (P < 0.0001). In immunized patients, however, the curvature ratio was normalized when compared to non-immunized patients (P < 0.0001), and not different from non-demented controls. In the non-immunized patients, neurites close to dense-core plaques (within 50 µm) were more abnormal than those far from plaques (i.e. beyond 50 µm) (P < 0.0001). By contrast, in the immunized group neurites close to and far from the remaining dense-core plaques did not differ, and both were straighter compared to the non-immunized patients (P < 0.0001). Compared to non-immunized patients, dense-core plaques remaining after immunization had similar degree of astrocytosis (P = 0.6060), more embedded dystrophic neurites (P < 0.0001) and were more likely to have mitochondrial accumulation (P < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant decrease in the density of paired helical filament-1-positive neurons in the immunized group as compared to the non-immunized (P < 0.05), but not in the density of Alz50 or thioflavin-S positive tangles, suggesting a modest effect of anti-amyloid-β immunization on tangle pathology. Clearance of amyloid plaques upon immunization with AN1792 effectively improves a morphological measure of neurite abnormality in the hippocampus. This improvement is not just attributable to the decrease in plaque load, but also occurs within the halo of the remaining dense-core plaques. However, these remaining plaques still retain some of their toxic potential. Anti-amyloid-β immunization might also ameliorate the hippocampal tau pathology through a decrease in tau phosphorylation. These data agree with preclinical animal studies and further demonstrate that human anti-amyloid-β immunization does not merely clear amyloid from the Alzheimer's disease brain, but reduces some of the neuronal alterations that characterize Alzheimer's diseas

Spatial analysis of the glioblastoma proteome reveals specific molecular signatures and markers of survival

Molecular heterogeneity is a key feature of glioblastoma that impedes patient stratification and leads to large discrepancies in mean patient survival. Here, we analyze a cohort of 96 glioblastoma patients with survival ranging from a few months to over 4 years. 46 tumors are analyzed by mass spectrometry-based spatially-resolved proteomics guided by mass spectrometry imaging. Integration of protein expression and clinical information highlights three molecular groups associated with immune, neurogenesis, and tumorigenesis signatures with high intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Furthermore, a set of proteins originating from reference and alternative ORFs is found to be statistically significant based on patient survival times. Among these proteins, a 5-protein signature is associated with survival. The expression of these 5 proteins is validated by immunofluorescence on an additional cohort of 50 patients. Overall, our work characterizes distinct molecular regions within glioblastoma tissues based on protein expression, which may help guide glioblastoma prognosis and improve current glioblastoma classification

Zotiraciclib (TG02) for newly diagnosed glioblastoma in the elderly or for recurrent glioblastoma:The EORTC 1608 STEAM trial

Background: Zotiraciclib (TG02) is an oral multi-cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor thought to inhibit tumor growth via CDK-9-dependent depletion of survival proteins such as c-MYC and MCL-1 which are frequently overexpressed in glioblastoma. Methods: EORTC 1608 (NCT03224104) (STEAM) had a three parallel group (A,B,C) phase Ib, open-label, non-randomized, multicenter design in IDH wild-type newly diagnosed glioblastoma or anaplastic astrocytoma. Groups A and B explored the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of TG02 in elderly patients, in combination with hypofractionated radiotherapy alone (group A) or temozolomide alone (group B), according to O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation status determined centrally. Group C explored single agent activity of TG02 at first relapse after temozolomide chemoradiotherapy with a primary endpoint of progression-free survival at 6 months (PFS-6). Tumor expression of CDK-9, c-MYC and MCL-1 was determined by immunohistochemistry.Results: The MTD was 150 mg twice weekly in combination with radiotherapy alone (group A) or temozolomide alone (group B). Two dose-limiting toxicities were observed at 150 mg: one in group A (grade 3 seizure), one in group B (multiple grade 1 events). Main toxicities included neutropenia, gastrointestinal disorders and hepatotoxicity. PFS-6 in group C was 6.7%. CDK-9, c-MYC and MCL-1 were confirmed to be expressed and their expression was moderately cross-correlated. High protein levels of MCL-1 were associated with inferior survival. Conclusions: TG02 exhibits overlapping toxicity with alkylating agents and low single agent clinical activity in recurrent glioblastoma. The role of CDK-9 and its down-stream effectors as prognostic factors and therapeutic targets in glioblastoma warrants further study.</p

New Antibody-Free Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantification Reveals That C9ORF72 Long Protein Isoform Is Reduced in the Frontal Cortex of Hexanucleotide-Repeat Expansion Carriers

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by behavioral and language disorders. The main genetic cause of FTD is an intronic hexanucleotide repeat expansion (G4C2)n in the C9ORF72 gene. A loss of function of the C9ORF72 protein associated with the allele-specific reduction of C9ORF72 expression is postulated to contribute to the disease pathogenesis. To better understand the contribution of the loss of function to the disease mechanism, we need to determine precisely the level of reduction in C9ORF72 long and short isoforms in brain tissue from patients with C9ORF72 mutations. In this study, we developed a sensitive and robust mass spectrometry (MS) method for quantifying C9ORF72 isoform levels in human brain tissue without requiring antibody or affinity reagent. An optimized workflow based on surfactant-aided protein extraction and pellet digestion was established for optimal recovery of the two isoforms in brain samples. Signature peptides, common or specific to the isoforms, were targeted in brain extracts by multiplex MS through the parallel reaction monitoring mode on a Quadrupole–Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer. The assay was successfully validated and subsequently applied to frontal cortex brain samples from a cohort of FTD patients with C9ORF72 mutations and neurologically normal controls without mutations. We showed that the C9ORF72 short isoform in the frontal cortices is below detection threshold in all tested individuals and the C9ORF72 long isoform is significantly decreased in C9ORF72 mutation carriers

Modélisation et étude des mécanismes moléculaires de la dégénérescence neurofibrillaire (vers la compréhension d'une mort neuronale liée à la dysfonction des protéines tau)

En 1907, Aloïs Alzheimer publiait, pour la première fois, la description des deux lésions histologiques caractéristiques observées dans le cerveau d'une patiente âgée de 56 ans et atteinte d'une démence présénile qui, par la suite, sera dénommée Maladie d'Alzheimer (MA). Ces deux lésions correspondant à l'accumulation de matériel protéique présentent des caractéristiques différentes de par leur contenu protéique et leur localisation. Ainsi, on distinguera, d'une part, les dépôts amyloïdes, caractérisés par l'accumulation, dans le milieu extracellulaire, d'un peptide appelé peptide amyloïde- . D'autre part, on observera une lésion intra-neuronale appelée Dégénérescence neurofibrillaire (DNF) qui correspond à l'accumulation de protéines Tau qui sont retrouvées hyperphosphorylées, anormalement phosphorylées et agrégées sous la forme de structures fibrillaires hélicoïdales singulières appelées PHFs pour Paired Helical Filaments . Notre laboratoire s'intéresse tout particulièrement à cette lésion qui est au coeur du processus dégénératif de la MA et d'un ensemble de pathologies démentielles appelées Tauopathies . Cependant, si cette dérégulation de phosphorylation semble être au coeur du processus dégénératif de ces pathologies, le rôle exact de celle-ci et les mécanismes mis en jeu restent encore mal connus. Ce travail, se place ainsi dans le cadre général de la recherche des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la mort neuronale liée à Tau et à étudier la signification et le rôle de la dérégulation de la phosphorylation de Tau dans son agrégation et au cours de la mort neuronale. Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, nous avons entrepris l'étude de modèles permettant de moduler soit l'état de phosphorylation de Tau par le biais du complexe kinasique p25/Cdk5 soit de moduler le caractère agrégatif de Tau par l'utilisation de mutations pathologiques de Tau connues chez l'homme pour mener à une agrégation de Tau et à des syndrômes démentiels (Démences Fronto-Temporales avec syndrôme Parkinsonien liées au chromosome 17). De plus, notre travail a abouti au développement et à la caractérisation d'un modèle in vivo de DNF présentant l'ensemble des caractéristiques de la pathologie Tau observée au cours de la MA. Ce modèle, en raison de l'absence de troubles moteurs, a permis de réaliser des études comportementales, montrant l'existence de troubles de mémoire spatiale chez ces souris. En parallèle de ce modèle pertinent d'un point de vue physiopathologique, le développement et l'analyse d'un modèle cellulaire de type neuronal basé sur la surexpression de protéines Tau mutées ont permis de montrer l'existence de modifications conformationnelles des protéines Tau mutées qui étaient associées à un état particulier de phosphorylation. Cependant, dans ce contexte, il apparaît que les mutations, à elles seules ne semblent pas suffisantes pour mener à l'agrégation des protéines Tau sous la forme de PHFs. De plus, l'analyse d'un modèle cellulaire de type neuronal présentant une phosphorylation anormale de Tau ne montre pas non plus l'existence de structures analogues aux PHFs. L'ensemble de ce travail suggère que la phosphorylation anormale ou les mutations de Tau ne sont pas suffisantes pour mener au phénotype pathologique caractéristique de la DNF qui nécessite d'autres événements moléculaires. Nous faisons également l'hypothèse que des stratégies compensatoires impliquant des systèmes de déphosphorylation des protéines Tau et/ou des systèmes de dégradation protéiques pourraient être mises en jeu, dans nos modèles cellulaires, et être responsables de l'absence de phénotype pathologique dans ces modèles. La diminution d'activité de ces systèmes de compensation au cours du vieillissement chez l'homme et dans les modèles murins pourraient alors concourir à l'apparition de la DNF. Ainsi, l'étude de ces systèmes dans nos modèles constitue des perspectives prometteuses dans l'avancée de la compréhension de l'étiopathologie de la MA et des Tauopathies.LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocSudocFranceF

La balance synthèse/dégradation de la Sphingosine-1-phosphate dans les gliomes (intérêt pronostique de l'immunomarquage de l'enzyme oncogène Sphingosine kinase et de l'enzyme suppresseur de tumeur Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase)

LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocSudocFranceF