14 research outputs found
Plate boundary segmentation in the northeastern Caribbean from geodetic measurements and Neogene geological observations
AbstractThe CaribbeanâNorth America plate boundary in the northeastern Caribbean shows a remarkable example of along-strike transition from plate boundaryânormal subduction in the Lesser Antilles, oblique subduction with no strain partitioning in Puerto Rico, and oblique subduction/collision with strain partitioning further west in Hispaniola. We show that this segmentation is well marked in the interseismic strain, as measured using space geodetic data, and in the Neogene deformation regime, as derived from geological observations. Hence, interseismic segmentation, which reproduces the geological segmentation persistent over a long time interval, is inherited from the geological history and long-term properties of the plate boundary. This result is relevant to the assessment of seismic hazard at convergent plate boundaries, where geodetic measurements often show interseismic segmentation between fullyâand partiallyâcoupled plate interface regions
Earthquake-induced landslides in Haiti: analysis of seismotectonic and possible climatic influences
peer reviewedAbstract. First analyses of landslide distribution and triggering factors
are presented for the region affected by the 14 August 2021 earthquake
(Mw=7.2) in the Nippes Department, Haiti. Landslide mapping was mainly
carried out by comparing pre- and post-event remote imagery (âŒ0.5â1âm resolution) available on Google Earth ProÂź and
Sentinel-2 (10âm resolution) satellite images. The first covered about
50â% of the affected region (for post-event imagery and before completion
of the map in January 2022), and the latter were selected to cover the entire
potentially affected zone. On the basis of the completed landslide
inventory, comparisons are made with catalogs compiled by others both for
the August 2021 and the January 2010 seismic events, including one open
inventory (by the United States Geological Survey) that was also used for
further statistical analyses. Additionally, we studied the pre-2021
earthquake slope stability conditions. These comparisons show that the total
number of landslides mapped for the 2021 earthquake (7091) is larger than
the one recently published by another research team for the same event but
slightly smaller than the number of landslides mapped by a third research
team. It is also clearly smaller than the one observed by two other research
teams for the 2010 earthquake (e.g., 23â567, for the open inventory).
However, these apparently fewer landslides triggered in 2021 cover much
wider areas of slopes (>80âkm2) than those induced by the
2010 event (âŒ25âkm2 â considering the open inventory).
A simple statistical analysis indicates that the lower number of
2021 landslides can be explained by the missing detection of the smallest
landslides triggered in 2021, partly due to the lower-resolution imagery
available for most of the areas affected by the recent earthquake; this is
also confirmed by an inventory completeness analysis based on sizeâfrequency
statistics. The much larger total area of landslides triggered in 2021,
compared to the 2010 earthquake, can be related to different physical
reasons: (a)Â the larger earthquake magnitude in 2021, (b)Â the more central
location of the fault segment that ruptured in 2021 with respect to coastal
zones, (c)Â and possible climatic preconditioning of slope instability in the
2021 affected area. These observations are supported by (1)Â a new pre-2021
earthquake landslide map; (2)Â rainfall distribution maps presented for
different periods (including October 2016 â when Hurricane Matthew had
crossed the western part of Haiti), covering both the 2010 and 2021 affected
zones; and (3)Â shaking intensity prediction maps
A suitable methodology for assessing impacts of successive rainfalls infiltration on road slope stability
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Combined Geophysical and Geotechnical Approaches for Microzonation Studies in Hispaniola Island
In this paper, we describe recent studies for the geophysical and geomechanical characterization of soils in Hispaniola (Greater Antilles), an island threatened by the eventual rupture of major seismogenic fault systems. The investigations were performed for four different cities settled on complex geological formations in Haiti (Cap-Haïtien, Port-au-Prince) and the Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo, Santiago de los Caballeros). We present the complete methodology we implemented for mapping zones of homogeneous seismic response and for microzonation studies, but each main stage of investigation is described as it was conducted in one or two cities. Therefore, first we present our site-characterization technique applied to Santo Domingo and Santiago de los Caballeros, which is based on geotechnical data, geophysical multichannel analysis of surface waves, and ambient-noise recordings. Then we present the site-response analysis through numerical analysis with nonlinear soil models that we performed for the city of Cap-Haïtien. Finally, we describe the amplification factors for site-specific response spectra that we derived for the microzonation of Port-au-Prince. We argue for the implementation of a multidisciplinary approach built upon complementary field geological, geophysical, and geotechnical data rather than solely depending on geophysical measures for the characterization of VS30. In addition, we explore the compatibility of the soil classes recommended by the International Building Code (IBC) in the context of local seismic amplification
Site Effects in PortâauâPrince (Haiti) from the Analysis of Spectral Ratio and Numerical Simulations
To provide better insight into seismic ground motion in the Port-au-
Prince metropolitan area, we investigate site effects at 12 seismological stations
by analyzing 78 earthquakes with magnitude smaller than 5 that occurred between
2010 and 2013. Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio on earthquake recordings and
a standard spectral ratio were applied to the seismic data.We also propose a simplified
lithostratigraphic map and use available geotechnical and geophysical data to construct
representative soil columns in the vicinity of each station that allow us to compute
numerical transfer functions using 1D simulations. At most of the studied sites,
spectral ratios are characterized by weak-motion amplification at frequencies above
5 Hz, in good agreement with the numerical transfer functions. A mismatch between
the observed amplifications and simulated response at lower frequencies shows that
the considered soil columns could be missing a deeper velocity contrast. Furthermore,
strong amplification between 2 and 10 Hz linked to local topographic features is found
at one station located in the south of the city, and substantial amplification below 5 Hz
is detected near the coastline, which we attribute to deep and soft sediments as well as
the presence of surface waves.We conclude that for most investigated sites in Port-au-
Prince, seismic amplifications due to site effects are highly variable but seem not to be
important at high frequencies. At some specific locations, however, they could
strongly enhance the low-frequency content of the seismic ground shaking. Although
our analysis does not consider nonlinear effects, we thus conclude that, apart from
sites close to the coast, sediment-induced amplification probably had only a minor
impact on the level of strong ground motion, and was not the main reason for the
high level of damage in Port-au-Prince.Published1298-13154T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismicaJCR Journa
Spatial Variations in Crustal and Mantle Anisotropy Across the North American-Caribbean Boundary on Haiti
International audienceHaiti, on the island of Hispaniola, is situated across the North American-Caribbean plate boundary at the transition point between oblique subduction in the east and a transform plate boundary in the west. Here we use shear wave splitting measurements from S waves of local (0-50 km) and intermediate depth (50-150 km) earthquakes as well as SK(K)S phases from teleseismic earthquakes to ascertain good spatial and vertical resolution of the azimuthal anisotropic structure. This allows us to place new constraints on the pattern of deformation in the crust and mantle beneath this transitional region. SK(K)S results are dominated by plate boundary parallel (E-W) fast directions with~1.9 s delay times, indicating subslab trench parallel mantle flow is continuing westward along the plate boundary. Intermediate depth earthquakes originating within the subducting North American plate show a mean fast polarization direction of 065°and delay time of 0.46 s, subparallel to the relative plate motion between the Caribbean and North American plates (070°). We suggest a basal shear zone within the lower ductile crust and upper lithospheric mantle as being a potential major source of anisotropy above the subducting slab. Upper crustal anisotropy is isolated using shear wave splitting measurements on local seismicity, which show consistent delay times on the order of 0.2 s. The fast polarization directions indicate that the crustal anisotropy is controlled by the fault networks in close proximity to the major strike-slip faults, which bisect the north and south of Haiti, and by the regional stress field where faulting is less pervasive
The tectonics and active faulting of Haiti from seismicity and tomography
Oblique convergence of the Caribbean and North American plates has partitioned strain across a major transpressional fault system that bisects the island of Hispaniola. The devastating MW 7.0, 2010 earthquake that struck southern Haiti, rupturing an unknown fault, highlighted our limited understanding of regional fault segmentation and its link to plate boundary deformation. Here we assess seismic activity and fault structures across Haiti using data from 33 broadband seismic stations deployed for 16âmonths. We use travelâtime tomography to obtain relocated hypocenters and models of Vp and Vp/Vs crustal structure. Earthquake locations reveal two clusters of seismic activity. The first corresponds to aftershocks of the 2010 earthquake and delineates faults associated with that rupture. The second cluster shows shallow activity north of Lake Enriquillo (Dominican Republic), interpreted to have occurred on a northâdipping thrust fault. Crustal seismic velocities show a narrow lowâvelocity region with an increased Vp/Vs ratio (1.80â1.85) dipping underneath the Massif de la Selle, which coincides with a southwardâdipping zone of hypocenters to a depth of 20 km beneath southern Haiti. Our observations of seismicity and crustal structure in southern Haiti suggests a transition in the Enriquillo fault system from a near vertical strikeâslip fault along the Southern Peninsula to a southwardâdipping obliqueâslip fault along the southern border of the CulâdeâSacâEnriquillo basin. This result, consistent with recent geodetic results but at odds with the classical seismotectonic interpretation of the Enriquillo fault system, is an important constraint in our understanding of regional seismic hazard
Ultrasound assessment of vascularization of the thickened terminal ileum wall in Crohn's disease patients using a low-mechanical index real-time scanning technique with a second generation ultrasound contrast agent
Complex networks of high-tech sensors are tough to operate and maintain in developing countries â but new low-costs, low-maintenance instruments may help. Because they are âconnected objectsâ they also provide new opportunities to engage the civil society in citizen-science. Here we describe a seismological instrumentation experiment in Haiti with sensors that cost less than 500$ and can be installed at individuals, businesses, and schools. We seek to test how such instruments can (1) complement the national seismic network for regional earthquake location and magnitude determination, and (2) open a new communication gateway between seismologists and the civil society