4,929 research outputs found

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    Foreword

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    Industrins energianvĂ€ndning medför koldioxidutslĂ€pp som bidrar till klimatförĂ€ndringar. Inom EU och Sverige efterstrĂ€vas en konkurrenskraftig industri. För att uppnĂ„ bĂ„da delarna föresprĂ„kas det att företag energieffektiviserar och minskar sin energianvĂ€ndning. Trots att energieffektivisering ofta Ă€r kostnadseffektivt existerar det Ă€ndĂ„ ett energieffektiviseringsgap dĂ€r kostnadseffektiva Ă„tgĂ€rder inte implementeras av olika anledningar. EnerginĂ€tverk kan dĂ„ vara ett potentiellt arbetssĂ€tt som medför energieffektivisering och bidrar till företagsutveckling. I EU och Sverige ges redan finansiellt stöd som kan medföra att energinĂ€tverk bildas för sĂ„vĂ€l smĂ„ och medelstora företag som för stora företag. Det existerar otaliga projektvarianter pĂ„ energinĂ€tverk med olika uppbyggnad och utförande. Kunskapen om dessa nĂ€tverk inriktade mot energieffektivisering och energianvĂ€ndning Ă€r begrĂ€nsad. Arbetets syfte Ă€r dĂ€rför att kartlĂ€gga svenska energinĂ€tverk för att kunna avgöra om de fungerar vĂ€l genom att utvĂ€rdera dem frĂ„n ett samhĂ€llsperspektiv. För att identifiera energinĂ€tverk skedde insamling av dokument och intervjuer dĂ€r slumpmĂ€ssiga val tillĂ€ts i form av snöbollsmetoden. En bakomliggande förstudie har ocksĂ„ genomförts dĂ€r 8 energinĂ€tverk identifierats, vilka integrerats som en del i arbetets kartlĂ€ggning. Sammantaget resulterade det i att identifiera 35 nĂ€tverksprojekt som kan bestĂ„ av enstaka nĂ€tverk, flera nĂ€tverk eller utgöra etapper för ett enskilt nĂ€tverk. De identifierade energinĂ€tverken Ă€r indelade efter större nĂ€tverk samt övriga nĂ€tverk som delats in i fyra generella nĂ€tverksformer: kluster, industridistrikt, regionala strategiska nĂ€tverk och strategiska nĂ€tverk samt alternativa nĂ€tverksformer för nĂ€tverk som inte kunde placeras in. En utvĂ€rdering har utförts med hjĂ€lp av programteori pĂ„ det bakomliggande styrmedlet ”Ansökan om stöd till informations-, utbildnings- och samverkansprojekt 2013-2014” dĂ€r det framkom att stödet tillĂ„ter en rad olika energinĂ€tverk och kan egentligen inte ses som sĂ€rskilt styrande nĂ€r det gĂ€ller utformning och genomförande av ett energinĂ€tverk. Vidare rekommenderas det att en separering görs för samverkansprojekt i form av energinĂ€tverk dĂ„ det kan medföra mer riktade och konkreta energinĂ€tverk med tydligare mĂ„l och uppföljning. Detta tillĂ„ter fortfarande en variation pĂ„ nĂ€tverkens uppbyggnad. EnerginĂ€tverk med ett effektivt informations- och kunskapsutbyte har potentialen att medföra en innovativ företagsutveckling. EnerginĂ€tverk utan en offentlig finansiering verkar inte initieras i Sverige. Avsiktsförklaringar eller avtal i de strategiska nĂ€tverken tros leda till att konkreta resultat har redovisats för nĂ€tverksprojekten i större grad Ă€n för de regionala strategiska nĂ€tverken. För de större energinĂ€tverken rekommenderas en fortsatt branschinriktning eftersom deras energianvĂ€ndning Ă€r mer komplicerad att kartlĂ€gga. De övriga energinĂ€tverken bör istĂ€llet prioritera intresserade deltagare som har möjlighet att trĂ€ffas och sedan branschanpassa om möjligt. Detta dĂ„ flera nĂ€tverksprojekt har vittnat om problem med nĂ€tverksbildandet som gĂ„r ut över projektets genomförande. Vidare framstĂ„r skapandet av effektiva energinĂ€tverk som en mognadsprocess dĂ€r flera bakomliggande projekt kan vara en anledning till ett kartlagt nĂ€tverksprojekt. Slutligen behövs det forskning pĂ„ hur deltagande företag ser pĂ„ energinĂ€tverk som ett stödjande och utvecklande styrmedel.The industrial energy use causes carbon emissions that contribute to climate change. Simultaneously within EU and Sweden a competitive industry is pursued. In the aim to achieve both aspects energy efficiency and a reduced energy use is advocated for companies. Although energy efficiency often is cost-effective there exists an energy efficiency gap where cost-effective measures remain unimplemented for different reasons. Energy efficiency networks can in this case be a potential approach for increasing the degree of implementation, resulting in energy efficiency and company development. Financial support is already given from EU and Sweden that could lead to energy efficiency networks, for both small and medium-sized enterprises as well as for large enterprises. There exist numerous projects variations in energy efficiency networks with different structures and designs. The knowledge of these networks aimed towards energy efficiency and energy use is very limited. The aim of this work is therefore to identify Swedish energy efficiency networks in order to determine whether they work well by evaluating them from a public perspective. To identify energy efficiency networks documents where collected and interviews were held in which random selection was allowed in the form of snowball method. An underlying study has previously been carried out in which a number of networks was identified, which are integrated as a part of the work identification. Overall, this resulted in the identification of 35 different networks projects, which may consist of a single network, multiple networks or stages of a single network. The identified energy networks are divided by larger networks and other networks that have been split into four general networks forms cluster, industrial districts, regional strategic networks and strategic networks as well as alternative network forms for the networks that could not be associated. An evaluation has been performed on the underlying policy instrument “Application for financial support to information, education and collaborative projects 2013-2014” which stated that the support allows a wide range of energy efficiency networks and cannot be seen as a particular ruling in the design and implementation of an energy efficiency network. Furthermore it is recommended that a separation is made for collaborative projects in the form of energy efficiency networks in the support system since it would likely lead to more target and specific energy efficiency networks with clearer objectives and follow up. This would still allow a very large variety of network constructions. Energy efficiency networks with an efficient information and knowledge sharing has the potential to make enterprises more innovative. However, energy efficiency networks without an initial public financing does not seem to be initialized spontaneously in Sweden. Letters of intent or agreements in the strategic networks are believed to lead into reports with concrete results unlike for the regional strategic networks with no agreements. For the larger energy efficiency networks there is a point with being branch-specific because their energy use is more complex to audit. The other energy efficiency networks should instead find interested participants primarily. In combination with this, the participants should have the opportunity to meet and later on branch adapt if possible. This is because several network projects have stated problems with network formation that affects the projects. Furthermore, it appears that the creation of an efficient energy efficiency network sometimes is a maturation process in which several underlying projects can be a reason for an identified network project. Finally, we need further research on how the participating enterprises see energy efficiency networks as a supporting and developmental instrument

    3 W of single-frequency output at 532 nm by intracavity frequency doubling of a diode-bar-pumped Nd:YAG ring laser 3 W of single-frequency output at 532 nm by intracavity frequency doubling of a diode-bar-pumped Nd:YAG ring laser

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    A beam-shaped 20W diode-bar has longitudinally pumped a Nd:YAG laser in a ring configuration. Unidirectional single-frequency operation is enforced by a Faraday rotator. Intracavity frequency doubling, using a KTP crystal has produced 3W of stable, single-frequency TEMoo output at 532nm

    Long-term Properties of Accretion Disks in X-ray Binaries: II. Stability of Radiation-Driven Warping

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    A significant number of X-ray binaries are now known to exhibit long-term ``superorbital'' periodicities on timescales of ∌\sim 10 - 100 days. Several physical mechanisms have been proposed that give rise to such periodicities, in particular warping and/or precession of the accretion disk. Recent theoretical work predicts the stability to disk warping of X-ray binaries as a function of the mass ratio, binary radius, viscosity and accretion efficiency, and here we examine the constraints that can be placed on such models by current observations. In paper I we used a dynamic power spectrum (DPS) analysis of long-term X-ray datasets (CGRO, RXTE), focusing on the remarkable, smooth variations in the superorbital period exhibited by SMC X-1. Here we use a similar DPS analysis to investigate the stability of the superorbital periodicities in the neutron star X-ray binaries Cyg X-2, LMC X-4 and Her X-1, and thereby confront stability predictions with observation. We find that the period and nature of superorbital variations in these sources is consistent with the predictions of warping theory. We also use a dynamic lightcurve analysis to examine the behaviour of Her X-1 as it enters and leaves the 1999 Anomalous Low State (ALS). This reveals a significant phase shift some 15 cycles before the ALS, which indicates a change in the disk structure or profile leading into the ALS.Comment: 12 pages, 14 figures, Re-submitted to MNRAS after referee's comment
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