Rates of spectacle wear in early childhood in the Netherlands

BACKGROUND: Refractive errors are relatively common all around the world. In particular, early onset myopia is associated with a significant burden in later life. Little is known about refractive errors in preschool children. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of spectacle wear, visual acuity and refractive errors in young Dutch children. METHODS: We analyzed data of three prospective population-based studies: 99,660 3- to 5-year-olds undergoing vision screening at preventive child healthcare organizations, 6934 6-year-olds from the Generation R study, and 2974 7-year-olds from the RAMSES study. Visual acuity was measured with Landolt-C or LEA charts, spectacle wear was assessed, and refractive errors at age 6 and 7 were measured with cycloplegic refraction. RESULTS: The prevalence of spectacle wear ranged from 1.5 to 11.8% between 3 to 7 years with no significant gender differences. Among children with spectacle wear at 6 years (N = 583) and 7 years (N = 350) 29.8 and 34.6% had myopia respectively, of which 21.1 and 21.6% combined with astigmatism; 19.6 and 6.8% had hyperopia, 37.2 and 11.1% hyperopia and astigmatism, and 12.5 and 32.7% astigmatism only. CONCLUSIONS: Spectacle wear in European children starts early in preschool and increases to a relatively frequent visual aid at school age. Advocating early detection and monitoring of refraction errors is warranted in order to prevent visual morbidities later in life

Физико-химические характеристики композитных составов на основе BIMEVOX и Na2CO3

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Performance of classification systems for age-related macular degeneration in the rotterdam study

Purpose: To compare frequently used classification systems for age-related macular degeneration(AMD) in their abilty to predictlate AMD. Methods:Intotal,9066participantsfromthepopulation-basedRotterdamStudywere followedupforprogressionofAMDduringastudyperiodupto30years.AMDlesions weregradedoncolorfundusphotographsafterconfirmationonotherimagemodalities andgroupedatbaselineaccordingtosixclassificationsystems.LateAMDwasdefinedas geographicatrophyorchoroidalneovascularization.Incidencerate(IR)andcumulative incidence(CuI)oflateAMDwerecalculated,andKaplan-Meierplotsandareaunderthe operating characteristics curves(AUCs)wereconstructed. Results: A total of 186 persons developed incident late AMD during a mean follow-up timeof8.7years.TheAREDSsimplifiedscaleshowedthehighestIRforlateAMDat104 cases/1000 py for ages 75 years. The 3-Continent harmonization classification provided the most stable progression. Drusen area >10% ETDRS grid (hazard ratio 30.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 19.25–46.91) was most prognostic of progression. The highest AUC of late AMD (0.8372, 95% CI: 0.8070-0.8673) was achieved when all AMD features present at base line were included. Conclusions: Highest turnover rates from intermediate to late AMD were provided by the AREDS simplified scale and the Rotterdam classification. The 3-Continent harmonization classification showed the most stable progression. All features, especially drusenarea,contribute to late AMD prediction. Translational Relevance: Findings will help stakeholders select appropriate classification systems for screening,deep learning algorithms, or trials

Genome-wide association meta-analysis of corneal curvature identifies novel loci and shared genetic influences across axial length and refractive error

Corneal curvature, a highly heritable trait, is a key clinical endophenotype for myopia - a major cause of visual impairment and blindness in the world. Here we present a trans-ethnic meta-analysis of corneal curvature GWAS in 44,042 individuals of Caucasian and Asian with replication in 88,218 UK Biobank data. We identified 47 loci (of which 26 are novel), with population-specific signals as well as shared signals across ethnicities. Some identified variants showed precise scaling in corneal curvature and eye elongation (i.e. axial length) to maintain eyes in emmetropia (i.e. HDAC11/FBLN2 rs2630445, RBP3 rs11204213); others exhibited association with myopia with little pleiotropic effects on eye elongation. Implicated genes are involved in extracellular matrix organization, developmental process for body and eye, connective tissue cartilage and glycosylation protein activities. Our study provides insights into population-specific novel genes for corneal curvature, and their pleiotropic effect in regulating eye size or conferring susceptibility to myopia.</p

Genome-wide association meta-analysis of corneal curvature identifies novel loci and shared genetic influences across axial length and refractive error

Abstract: Corneal curvature, a highly heritable trait, is a key clinical endophenotype for myopia - a major cause of visual impairment and blindness in the world. Here we present a trans-ethnic meta-analysis of corneal curvature GWAS in 44,042 individuals of Caucasian and Asian with replication in 88,218 UK Biobank data. We identified 47 loci (of which 26 are novel), with population-specific signals as well as shared signals across ethnicities. Some identified variants showed precise scaling in corneal curvature and eye elongation (i.e. axial length) to maintain eyes in emmetropia (i.e. HDAC11/FBLN2 rs2630445, RBP3 rs11204213); others exhibited association with myopia with little pleiotropic effects on eye elongation. Implicated genes are involved in extracellular matrix organization, developmental process for body and eye, connective tissue cartilage and glycosylation protein activities. Our study provides insights into population-specific novel genes for corneal curvature, and their pleiotropic effect in regulating eye size or conferring susceptibility to myopia

Why do more and more children where glasses?

Myopie (bijziendheid) komt steeds vaker voor: bijna 50% van alle jongvolwassenen in Europa is momenteel myoop. Myopie – en vooral hoge myopie – is geassocieerd met slechtziendheid of zelfs blindheid op latere leeftijd. Myopie ontstaat door een combinatie van genetische en omgevingsfactoren. Inmiddels zijn er meer dan 500 genetische varianten voor deze oogafwijking geïdentificeerd. Het doen van veel ‘dichtbijwerk’ verhoogt het risico op myopie, terwijl veel buiten spelen het risico juist verlaagt. De door ons gelanceerde 20-20-2-regel is een praktisch advies om myopie te voorkomen: kijk na 20 minuten dichtbijwerk 20 seconden in de verte en ga 2 uur per dag naar buiten. Vooral kinderen tot en met 12 jaar met progressieve myopie komen in aanmerking voor behandeling en moeten worden verwezen naar een oogzorgteam gespecialiseerd in myopiecontrole. Wanneer de mate van myopie hoger is dan de leeftijd, moet aanvullend erfelijkheidsonderzoek worden overwogen