Anger: the unrecognized emotion in emotional disorders

Anger plays a prominent definitional role in some psychological disorders currently widely scattered across DSM‐5 categories (e.g., intermittent explosive disorder, borderline personality disorder). But the presence and consequences of anger in the emotional disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders, depressive disorders) remain sparsely examined. In this review, we examine the presence of anger in the emotional disorders and find that anger is elevated across these disorders and, when it is present, is associated with negative consequences, including greater symptom severity and worse treatment response. Based on this evidence, anger appears to be an important and understudied emotion in the development, maintenance, and treatment of emotional disorders.First author draf

Role of the colonic lymphoglandular complex in mucosal immunity in swine

Colonic lymphoglandular complexes (LGCs) and intestinal mucosa of conventional postweaning pigs were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies specific for B and T lymphocyte subsets. Lymphocytes were compartmentalized into B (T-independent) and T-dependent (internodular) areas. CD4[superscript]+ cells were more plentiful than CD8[superscript]+ cells. In nodules, CD4[superscript]+ cells were common but CD8[superscript]+ cells few. Ig-containing cells were present between and within nodules. IgA[superscript]+ and IgM[superscript]+ cells outnumbered IgG[superscript]+ cells and all three types were most numerous at the neck of the LGC. IgA[superscript]+ and IgM[superscript]+ lymphoblasts were deep in the complex. IgA and IgM, but not IgG, were present together in some diverticular epithelial cells. Flow cytometric analysis of LGC lymphocytes produced mean subset percentages (and standard deviations): CD2 (pan T) 39.6 (1.5); CD4 29.5 (2.7); CD8 15.8 (1.6); IgA 12.1 (5.2); IgG 5.8 (2.1); IgM 23.5 (1.9); null cells (non-B-non-T) 19; doubly positive for CD4 and CD8 ((CD4 + CD8) - CD2) 6. The mean CD4:CD8 ratio was 1.9 (SD 0.16). High-endothelial venules were identified in the LGC;In intestinal mucosa, IgA[superscript]+ and IgM[superscript]+ cells were common and restricted to pericryptal lamina propria; IgG[superscript]+ cells were uncommon. Intraepithelial B cells were rare. IgA and IgM were present together in crypt epithelial cells; IgG was not in epithelial cells. T cells were quantified and compared as separate populations of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs)s. Greater than 95% of IELs were CD8[superscript]+, and IELs were 2-3 times more numerous in small intestine than in colon. CD4[superscript]+ LPLs were twice as numerous as CD8[superscript]+ LPLs. Together, CD4[superscript]+ and CD8[superscript]+ LPLs were 22% more numerous in small intestine than in colon. Both subsets were dispersed randomly in lamina propria;Infrequent and unpredictable uptake by LGC lymphoepithelium occurred after instillation of plain and fluorescein-labeled beads, carbon particles, live and dead Treponema sp. bacteria, cholera toxin, cationized ferritin, and a bovine serum albumin-colloidal gold conjugate into ligated colonic loops of four anesthetized juvenile pigs. By light microscopy, beads, ink, and virulent bacteria were in and beneath the epithelial layer. Bacteria were seen in and beneath epithelial cells by electron microscopy. Alternative experimental methodology might help to confirm enhanced sampling capacity of the LGC versus absorptive mucosa

A Measure of Basketball Skill for Fifth and Sixth Grade Boys

The purpose of establishing a basketball skills test for fifth and sixth grade boys was to recognize any talent already self-possessed, to determine the achievement level in skill, and to serve as an aid in diagnosing weaknesses. In addition, it would aid as a classifier of ability to assist in class division for team competition and the after-school athletic program. This skills test could also be used as a strong motivational device

Structured Review of the Evidence on the Intersection of Housing and Health Policy in the WHO European Region

A central challenge in promoting good health is to ensure access to adequate housing for all. The United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights defines adequate housing as not only simple shelter, but a secure, affordable, accessible and fully equipped home. While there is potential for the housing sector to promote, or to harm, people’s health, housing policies are often made with little regard to their potential health impact. To better promote joined-up intersectoral action across health and housing policy, this paper reports a structured and thematic review of literature relevant to the WHO European Region. Eighty documents met the study inclusion criteria. The paper summarizes the impacts on health of physical housing quality, affordability and stability, and location, as well as the role of health in achieving desirable housing outcomes. Individuals who are especially vulnerable to housing impacts on health are those who spend greater quantities of time in their household, including self-employed persons who work at home, older persons, carers, children and persons with disabilities. The paper concludes with directions for future research and policy, with a view towards joined-up intersectoral action, such as policies that establish minimum housing standards and ensure housing affordability

A consideration of the current view and history of the people of Canvey Island, Essex, in the context of modern England with regard to the place of the church in community particularly in the face of bereavement and the conduct of funeral rites.

This study is the result of six years of part-time research by a practising Church of England minister. It focusses on the people of Canvey Island in Essex from the early 20th century when the church held sway over every aspect of their lives, to the present day when engagement with the church is one option of many. The study seeks to show how and why many who belong to no church congregation still call on the church at a time of bereavement and how the church might better recognise and sanctify the language and practice of those who would not call themselves religious. The thesis explores the many-faceted and often contradictory contextual issues of contemporary ministry with particular focus on the whole gamut of funeral ministry from miscarriage and neo-natal death to a death occurring naturally in old age. It examines the relationship between the intrinsic and the vernacular on the one hand and the language of the established church on the other. It recognises the so-called folk religion as the basic longing of humanity for meaning and order in a chaotic and seemingly random life: a longing which the church has largely adopted, organised, formalised, institutionalised and often fossilized. It considers how such desire is met by Civil celebrants and others if church ministers are slow to respond to the need. In this third decade of the twenty-first century, society is at a crucial crossroad with regard to the way in which we handle death, grief and an understanding of on-going life which survives the physical. A society increasingly at home with the connectedness of everything through the internet requires a church that understands and recognises its language and its longing. This thesis repeatedly addresses the ways that the church and its ministers need to embrace its changing role, particularly at the time of death. The author’s upbringing in the British West Indies is very different from that of the people of Canvey Island. In distilling the fruit of twenty-four years of ministry among them, he has sought to use readily intelligible language to tell the stories of the dying and the bereaved and to bring to bear academic studies from the fields of sociology, anthropology and theology in the context and light of the lived experience of parish life

From conifers to cognition: microbes, brain, and behavior

We would like to thank Hans Kuepper (Munich), Juergen Haas (Edinburgh), and Rob Moir† (Harvard) for constructive comments on the MS. This work was funded in part by the Benter Foundation.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Clinically insignificant association between anterior knee pain and patellofemoral lesions which are found incidentally.

Patellofemoral chondral lesions are frequently identified incidentally during the arthroscopic treatment of other knee pathologies. A role has been described for arthroscopic debridement of such lesions when symptoms are known to originate from pathology of the patellofemoral joint. However, it remains unclear how to manage lesions which are found incidentally whilst tackling other pathologies. The purpose of this study was to establish the strength of association between anterior knee pain and patellofemoral lesions identified incidentally in a typical arthroscopic population. A consecutive series of patients undergoing arthroscopy for a range of standard indications formed the basis of this cross section study. We excluded those with patellofemoral conditions in order to identify patellofemoral lesions which were solely incidental. Pre-operative assessments were performed on 64 patients, where anterior knee pain was sought by three methods: an annotated photographic knee pain map (PKPM), patient indication with one finger and by palpated tenderness. A single surgeon, who was blinded to previous recordings, performed standard arthroscopies and recorded patellofemoral lesions. Statistical correlations were performed to identify the association magnitude. Associations were identified between incidental patellofemoral lesions and tenderness palpated on the medial patella (P=0.007, χ2=0.32) and the quadriceps tendon (P=0.029, χ2=0.26), but these associations were at best fair, which could be interpreted as clinically insignificant. In which case incidental patellofemoral lesions are not necessarily associated with anterior knee pain, we suggest that they could be left alone. This recommendation is only applicable to patellofemoral lesions which are found incidentally whilst addressing other pathology