Rheological Characterization of Waxy Crude Oils: Sample Preparation

In this paper, we describe an experimental protocol designed to ensure well-defined thermal and shear histories of a waxy crude oil sample to be submitted to rheological measurements. We discuss the criteria for choosing an appropriate pretreatment, the geometry, and the temperature range, among other parameters. This protocol includes the so-called thermal cycle test, which is shown to play a key role in determining the appropriate test conditions. Possible sources of measurement error are discussed in detail.In this paper, we describe an experimental protocol designed to ensure well-defined thermal and shear histories of a waxy crude oil sample to be submitted to rheological measurements. We discuss the criteria for choosing an appropriate pretreatment, the geometry, and the temperature range, among other parameters. This protocol includes the so-called thermal cycle test, which is shown to play a key role in determining the appropriate test conditions. Possible sources of measurement error are discussed in detail.A

Formas orgânicas e inorgânicas de mobilização do cálcio no solo

A falta de Ca e a presença de Al na subsuperfície do solo restringem o crescimento das raízes. A eficiência da calagem aplicada na superfície do solo na neutralização da acidez subsuperficial é limitada. Foram conduzidos experimentos de laboratório com colunas de PVC para avaliar técnicas orgânicas e inorgânicas na mobilidade do Ca em solo com carga variável. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com sais de Ca: CaCO3, CaSO4, Ca(NO3)2, Ca-acetato e Ca-citrato, e outro com CaCO3 associado com resíduos de aveia preta, trigo e leucena. Avaliaram-se os teores de Ca trocável em solucão de KCl 1M nas profundidades de 0 a 5, 5 a 10, 10 a 20, 20 a 30, 30 a 40 e 40 a 50cm. A eficiência dos sais na mobilidade de Ca seguiu a ordem: NO3 > Acetado > Citrato > SO4 > CO3. Os resíduos de plantas forma eficientes na mobilização do Ca na seguinte ordem: aveia > leucena > trigo. Atribuiu-se à formação de complexos organo-metálico a responsabilidade pela mobilização do Ca no solo associada com a calagem e os resíduos vegetais.<br>Lack of Ca and often the presence of Al in subsoil restrict crop-root proliferation. The efficacy of soil surface liming in neutralize subsoil acidity is limited. Laboratory experiments were conducted with leaching columns to evaluate some organic and inorganic techniques to accelerate the mobility of Ca in a variable charge soil. Two different experiments were conducted, one with Ca-salts: CaCO3, CaSO4, Ca(NO3)2, Ca-acetate, and Ca-citrate; and another one with CaCO3 plus plant residues: black oat (Avena strigosa), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). The observations included MKCl exchangeable Ca in 0 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 30, 30 to 40 and 40 to 50 cm soil depth. The effects of CaCO3 without plant residue was limited to the upper 10 cm of the profile. The efficacy of Ca-salts on the mobility of Ca ex followed the order: NO3 > Acetate > Citrate > SO4 > CO3. Plant residues were highly efficient as Ca-carrier in the following order black oat > leucaena > wheat. Metal-organic complexes were assumed to be responsible for the movement of Ca in the profile associated with lime and plant residues