Kocaeli’de evlerde, ofislerde ve okullarda iç ortam hava kalitesinin belirlenmesi

TÜBİTAK ÇAYDAG01.01.2008Bu çalışmada, Kocaeli’de farklı bölgelerde ve farklı mikroçevrelerde (ev, okul, ofis), iç ve dış ortamda yapılan örneklemeler ile aktif ve pasif örnekleme ve ölçüm teknikleri kullanılarak 2 farklı partikül fraksiyonunda (PM2.5 ve PM10) 16 ağır metal (Al, As, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V ve Zn), uçucu organik bileşikler (UOB’ler), SO2, NO2 ve O3 konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, iç ortamda ölçülen konsantrasyonlarla maruziyet arasındaki ilişkiyi kurabilmek için, kişisel örnekleyiciler kullanılarak kişisel maruziyet düzeyleri de belirlenmiştir. NO2 için İç Ortam/Dış Ortam konsantrasyon oranlarının evlerde her 2 mevsimde de okullar ve ofislere nazaran yüksek bulunması evlerin iç ortamlarında NO2 kirletici kaynaklarının ofis ve okullara oranla daha baskın olduğu göstermektedir. İç Ortam/Dış Ortam oranlarının 1’in çok altında bulunması O3 ve SO2’in dış ortam kaynaklı bir kirletici olduğunu ve iç ortamlarda önemli bir kaynağının bulunmadığını göstermektedir. PM2.5 fraksiyonundaki toprak kaynaklı elementlerin iç ve dış ortam konsantrasyonlarının yüksek düzeylerde bulunması bu elementlerin iç ortamlara taşınımının yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. PM2.5 kişisel maruziyet düzeylerinin As, S, V, Cu ve Cr gibi yanma kaynaklı elementler için iç ortam maruziyet düzeylerinden 2–6 kat daha yüksek olması ve bazı mevsimsel farklılıklar bulunmasına rağmen İç Ortam/Dış Ortam oranlarının genellikle 0.3–0.7 aralığında bulunması gözlenen yüksek kişisel maruziyet düzeylerinde dış ortamların etkisini göstermektedir. PM10 partikül fraksiyonunda belirlenen ağır metallerin büyük bir bölümü için İç Ortam/Dış Ortam oranlarının 1’den küçük bulunması dış ortam kirletici kaynaklarının iç ortam kirletici kaynaklarına daha baskın olduğunu göstermektedir. En yüksek UOB kirlilik düzeylerine örneklenen kişilerde rastlanırken bunu iç ortam ve dış ortam UOB kirlilik düzeyleri takip etmiştir. Her 2 mevsimde de toluen ev, ofis ve okullardaki UOB kirlilik düzeylerine en çok katkıda bulunan bileşik olurken onu etilbenzen, m,p-ksilen, stiren, nonan, hegzan, benzen, o-ksilen ve heptan bileşikleri takip etmektedir. Kentsel alanlarda elde edilen toplam UOB konsantrasyonlarının endüstriyel alanlarda elde edilen değerlerle uyum içinde bulunmuştur. Trafiğin belirteci olan bileşikler (BTEX, 1,2,4-trimetilbenzen) kentsel alanlarda yüksek bulunurken petrokimyanın belirteci olan hexane ve heptane bileşikleri endüstrinin yoğun olduğu alanlarda yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kentsel ve endüstriyel alanlarda elde edilen UOB konsantrasyonlarının sanayii ve trafikten uzak alanlarda elde edilen konsantrasyonlardan yüksek olması trafik ve sanayiinin tesbit edilen UOBlere olan katkısının ne kadar yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. İç ortam, dış ortam ve kişisel maruziyet kirlilik düzeylerine etki ederek hava kalitesine olumsuz yönde katkıda bulunan kirletici kaynakların belirlenmesi amacıyla Pozitif Matris Faktörizasyonu (PMF) reseptör modelleme tekniği kullanılmıştır. PMF modellemesi, korelasyon analizi, iç ortam/dış ortam oranları, mikroçevre karakteristikleri, anketler ve zaman aktivite çizelgeleri incelenen kirleticilerin en önemli emisyon kaynaklarının endüstri, trafik ve sigara kullanımı olduğunu göstermektedir. İç ortam, dış ortam ve kişisel maruziyet düzeylerinin dünyanın diğer bölgelerinde yapılan çalışmalarda raporlanan düzeyler ile kıyaslanabilir olduğu bulunmuştur. Kişisel maruziyet konsantrasyonları kullanılarak çalışmada incelenen inorganik ve organik kirleticilerden kaynaklanan sağlık riski değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Ev, ofis ve okullarda örneklenen kişiler için hesaplanan “Toplam Kanser Riski” ve “Toplam Tehlike İndeksi” değerleri hem ortalama konsantrasyonlar hem de en kötü senaryo göz önüne alınarak incelendiğinde en yüksek risk altında bulunan kişilerin ev hanımları olduğu bunları öğretmenler ve ofis çalışanlarının takip ettiği söylenebilir. Değerlendirme kentsel, endüstriyel, endüstri ve trafikten uzak alanlar için yapıldığında her 3 alanda da yaşayan kişilerin birbirine yakın ve yüksek kanser riski taşıdıkları söylenebilir. Aynı değerlendirme sigara kullanan ve kullanmayan kişiler için yapıldığında sigara kullanan kişilerin kullanmayanlara nazaran yaklaşık %50 daha fazla kanser riski taşıdıkları gözlenmiştir.In this study, indoor and outdoor environment samples were taken from different regions and microenvironments (home, school, office) in Kocaeli. Through active and passive sampling and measurement techniques, 16 heavy metals (Al, As, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V and Zn) at 2 different particle fractions (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and SO2, NO2 and O3 concentrations were determined. Moreover, in an effort to establish the relationship between exposure and the indoor concentrations measured, personal samplers were used to determine personal exposure levels. Indoor/outdoor concentration ratios for NO2 were higher in homes than in schools or offices in both summer and winter, which shows that sources of NO2 pollutants in indoor environments of homes are more dominant than those found in offices or schools. The indoor/outdoor ratios were far below 1, indicating that O3 and SO2 are pollutants originating from outdoor environments and that they do not have significant sources in indoor environments. The presence of high levels of indoor and outdoor concentrations of crustal elements at PM2.5 fractions indicates that these elements are transported into indoor environments at high levels. PM2.5 personal exposure levels were 2–6 times higher than indoor levels for combustion-related elements such as As, S, V, Cu and Cr, and although there were some seasonal differences, the indoor/outdoor environment ratios generally ranged between 0.3–0.7 and indicated the effect of outdoor environments on the observed high personal exposure levels. The indoor/outdoor ratios for a major portion of the determined heavy metals at PM10 particle fractions were smaller than 1, showing that outdoor pollutants are more dominant than indoor pollutants. The highest VOC pollution levels were encountered in individuals in the sample, and this was followed by VOC pollution levels in indoor and outdoor environments. In both seasons, toluene levels were the highest pollutants for homes, offices and schools, followed by ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, styrene, nonane, hexane, benzene, o-xylene and heptane. Total VOC concentrations obtained from urban areas were consistent with values obtained from industrial areas. Components that are indicators of traffic (BTEX, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) were measured at high levels in urban areas, while hexane and heptane components, which are indicators of petrochemistry, were recorded at high levels in high- industry areas. Moreover, VOC concentrations obtained from urban and industrial areas were higher than concentrations found in areas far from industry and traffic, which demonstrates the high contribution of traffic and industry to measured VOCs. This study investigated the summer and winter concentrations of selected pollutants and the relationship between indoor and outdoor environments. In order to determine pollutant sources that negatively contribute to air quality by affecting the degree of indoor, outdoor and personal exposures, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor modeling technique was used, which is a multivariate statistical analysis method. PMF, correlation analyses, indoor/outdoor ratios, microenvironment characteristics, responses to questionnaires, and time activity information suggested that industry, traffic and smoking represent the main emission sources of pollutants investigated. Indoor, outdoor and personal exposure concentration values were compared to values measured in different parts of the world, thereby evaluating consistency with the observed pollution level. Based on personal exposure concentrations, an assessment was conducted concerning the health risks associated with the inorganic and organic pollutants investigated in this study. When the calculated values for “Total Health Risk” and “Total Hazard Index” for people sampled in homes, offices and schools were examined by considering both the average concentrations and the worst scenarios, it was revealed that housewives are at the highest risk, followed by teachers and office workers. An examination of urban, industrial and far from urban, industrial and traffic areas revealed that people living in all of these three areas are subjected to high cancer risks, which are at similar levels. When the same evaluation was carried out for smokers and non-smokers, it was observed that smokers have a 50% higher risk of cancer compared to non-smokers

Bursa atmosferinde organik kirleticilerin mekansal dağılımı : mevsimselliği ve sağlık etkisi.

The assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has become an area of particular interest in the field of atmospheric pollution due to their adverse health and environmental effects. This study is aimed to identify, quantify and characterize VOC in different urban areas and industrial areas in Bursa. The spatial distribution, seasonal variation as well as health risks assessment of VOC were discussed. Air samples were collected by means of sorbent passive sampling at over 50 sampling points in Bursa and analyzed by GC-thermal desorption. A total of seven weekly measurement periods were completed across the city center from 2005 to 2007. The source of VOC was apportioned with the commonly used receptor model, namely Factor Analysis. Motor vehicles and industrial solvent usage are the most abundant VOC sources to contribute to urban atmosphere in Bursa, 63% and 20%, respectively. The health risks of VOC were also evaluated. The questionnaire was filled out by selected people living in Bursa to obtain time-activity pattern for health risk assessment. Lifetime cancer risks were estimated with the measured VOC data. All the statistical parameters used to represent cancer risks for the selected compounds exceeded the stated level. Benzene had the highest adverse health effect among these compounds according to USEPA (2009) calculation with the mean cancer risk 3x10-4. In addition to intensive field sampling campaigns conducted in Bursa, the VOC measurement were completed for a period of six months to evaluate uptake rate of VOC in Ankara. Uptake rate equations depending on relative humidity and wind speed were developed for 25 VOCs.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

Evaluation of adsorbents with passive sampling and their analytical methods to determine volatile organic compounds emitted from vehicular exhaust

In order to accurate and precise determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from vehicular emissions were developed method including a) adsorption of VOCs on different adsorbents followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID) quantification, b) validation of the sampling and analytical method. The adsorption efficiency of Tenax and Chromosorb 106 adsorbents were eveluated for 104 VOCs to select of adequate sorbent for passive sampling. Since most of the anthropogenic VOCs emitted from urban location are associated with the vehicle experiments were performed near road side. The results obtained showed the both the adsorbents almost same efficieny for selected VOCs emitted from vehicular exhaust. The VOC levels measured in this study were comparable with European cities and lower than Asian cities. The differences of VOC levels measured with different cities are due to traffic composition of the cities and their characteristics of fuel

Atmosferdeki Parçacık Sayısal Konsantrasyonu Ile Kütlesel Konsantrasyonu Arasındaki Iliskinin Kurulması Ve Parçacık Sayısal Boyut Dagılımlarının Atmosferik Olaylardan Ne Kadar Etkilendiginin Incelenmesi

Proje parçacık boyut dagılımı ve bu dagılımın çesitli çevresel faktörlerle iliskisini incelemeye yönelik bir çalısmadır. Diger bir deyisle atmosfrdeki parçacık boyut dagılımının ne tür parametrelerle ne sekilde degistigini ortaya çıkarmak hedeflemistir. Çalısma birisi Ankara?da ODTÜ?de digeri ise Marmaristeki meteoroloji radarında kurulan iki istasyonda yürütülmüstür. Bu istasyonlarda bulunan lazer spektrometreler yardımıyla daikalik sayısal boyut dagılımları ile PM10, PM2.5 ve PM1 kütlesel konsantrasyonları ölçülmüstür. Istasyonlardaki deneysel çalısmalar baslamadan önce çalısmada kullanılacak bütün cihazlar ankara?da bir araya getirilmis ve bir interkalibrasyon çalısması gerçeklestirilmistir. Intercalibrasyon çalısmasının sonunda farklı cihazlardan elde edilen sonuçların birbirleriyle çok uyumllu oldugu görülmüstür. Ayrıca, Ankara istasyonunda lazer spektrometre ile ölçülen PM10 ve PM2.5 konsantrasyonlarının Ankara?daki yedi hava kirliligi izleme istasyonunda ölçülen PM10 ve PM2.5 konsantrasyonları ile uyum içerisinde oldugu, ancak yüksek konsantrasyonlarda bizim istastasyonumuzun daha yüksek degerler ölçtügü görülmüstür. Yapılan ölçüm ve degerlendirmeler tozun boyut dagılımının çok stabil bir parametre olmadıgını ve meteorolji, tasınım gibi etmenlerle degisiklik gösterdigini ortya koymustur

Improvement of uptake rate equations depending on meteorological conditions for 25 volatile organic compounds

Stainless steel passive (diffusive) sampling tubes manufactured by Gradko International Ltd. (UK) were filled with Chromosorb 106 (Supelco) and evaluated to determine the uptake rates of 31 VOCs over six months under different meteorological conditions in a suburban area of Ankara, Turkey. The URs have been calculated, and dependence on such meteorological parameters as temperature, relative humidity and wind speed has been established for the 31 VOCs

Volatile organic compounds in suburban Ankara atmosphere, Turkey: Sources and variability

In this study, concentrations of approximately 30 VOCs were measured, between January and June 2008 at a university campus in Ankara. Concentrations of measured VOCs are lower than corresponding concentrations reported for other cities in literature. Average concentrations of the measured VOCs ranged from 0.04 to 7.89 mu g m(-3). Benzene (2.18 mu g m(-3)), toluene (7.89 mu g m(-3)), ethylbenzene (0.85 mu g m(-3)) and xylenes (2.62 mu g m(-3)) (BTEX) were found as a major organics in suburban Ankara atmosphere. The measured VOCs also show well defined diurnal and weekday weekend cycles. Toluene-to-benzene ratio (TT/B) suggested that non-traffic sources can be important during summer months. The m,p-xylene-to-ethylbenzene ratio (X/E) pointed to transport of organic compounds from high-emission districts of the city. Positive matrix factorization applied to data revealed four sources, including gasoline exhaust, solvent evaporation, diesel emissions and a local laboratory source, contributing to VOC concentrations. Strengths of these sources, particularly solvent source, on total VOC concentrations showed seasonal differences. Source contributions on light and heavy VOCs were also different

Source Apportionment of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds in Bursa, a Heavily Industrialized City in Turkey

Weekly passive sampling campaigns were carried out over two sample periods to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Bursa, one of the most heavily industrialized cities in Turkey. The measurements, taken at 40 points in October 2005 and 49 points in April 2006, revealed concentrations of 34 VOCs, including aromatics, olefins, paraffin and halogenated compounds; with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o, m, and p-xylene polymers (BTEX) being the most abundant compounds detected at all sample points. Toluene was the most abundant VOC found at all sites, with a median concentration ranging from 0.99 mu g/m(-3) in background samples to 35.98 mu g/m(-3) at industrial sites, followed by m-and p-xylene and ethylbenzene. High toluene-to-benzene (T/B) ratios (9.6) were observed at industrial sites, whereas the T/B ratios measured in urban areas and at roadside locations were comparable and were higher than in other countries. A principle component analysis (PCA) using a receptor-oriented source apportionment model was applied to the VOC data and extracted four major sources for both the October and April sampling periods. Principle factors accounted for 85% and 74% of the variance in VOC data for the October and April sample periods, respectively. The identified sources of VOCs in Bursa included: 1) vehicular exhaust (gasoline and diesel engine vehicles), 2) industrial emissions, and 3) evaporative emissions. The explained factors indicated that the urban air in Bursa was influenced by both traffic and industrial sources, each of which displayed different levels

Temporal variations of BTX compounds in Bursa/Turkey atmosphere

Ambient concentrations of C2-C12 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at Bursa, which is the fourth largest city of Turkey. Two measurement campaigns were carried out between September 14 to November 6, 2005 and March 17 to May 10, 2006. Fifty one VOCs were regularly determined in each chromatogram. However, only BTX compounds are discussed in this study. Concentrations of BTX compounds showed well-defined diurnal cycles. Concentrations increased starting at 06: 00 am in the morning, reaching to a maximum somewhere between 9: 00 to 11: 00 am. Then concentration decreased, until the evening rush hour, owing to increasing mixing height during day time. Then concentrations of BTX increased in the afternoon rush hour which extended to 08: 00 pm. BTX concentrations remained low throughout the night. High binary correlations between BTX compounds suggest a common source, which are traffic emissions. However, other non-traffic sources were also found to be effective, for benzene in the November to March campaign

Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in a University Building

A total of 34volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in the indoor of laboratories, offices and classrooms of the Chemical Engineering Department of Hacettepe University in Ankara in 2week-day passive sampling campaigns. The average concentrations ranged from 0.77 to 265g m(-3) at the different indoor sites, with the most abundant VOC found to be toluene (119.6g m(-3)), followed by styrene (21.24g m(-3)), 2-ethyltoluene (17.11g m(-3)), n-hexane (10.21g m(-3)) and benzene (9.42g m(-3)). According to the factor analysis, the evaporation of solvents used in the laboratories was found to be the dominant source