Interventions to prevent intimate partner violence in young latino and hispanic-american populations: a systematic review

Introducción. La violencia de pareja (VP) es un fenómeno complejo compuesto por múltiples factores micro y macro socio estructural, y prioritario para la salud pública. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar intervenciones para prevenir la VP dirigidas a población Latina e Hispanoamericana a través de una revisión sistemática basada en las directrices del Joanna Briggs Institute. Metodología. Se extrajeron estudios de PubMed, EBSCO, PsycINFO, Web of Sciences, Scopus y Scielo mediante una estrategia de búsqueda específica para cada base de datos. Se incluyeron artículos para prevenir VP en población Latina y/o Hispano-Americana de entre 13 y 24 años de edad, publicadas en inglés o español y hasta julio del 2020. Después de eliminar duplicados se examinaron 1031 a título y resumen, se revisaron 31 a texto completo en pares, y seis se incluyeron en la síntesis de la evidencia. Resultados. Cuatro estudios mostraron calidad mediana y dos de alta de acuerdo a las directrices del Joanna Briggs Institute. Cuatro se realizaron en EUA y dos en México. De las características de las muestras totales de las intervenciones, el rango de edad fue de 13 a 23 años, todas dirigidas a ambos sexos. Las intervenciones se realizaron en instituciones educativas. La intervención más corta fue de una sesión de cuatro horas y la más amplia de 18 sesiones. Cinco de las intervenciones estuvieron basadas en teoría, como la Teoría del Aprendizaje Social, Teoría Social Cognitiva, Teatro del Oprimido, Modelo de Desarrollo Social. Una de ellas utilizó al mismo tiempo metodología comunitaria participativa. Algunos de los resultados significativos fueron disminución de la aceptación de la violencia, mayor autoeficacia para resolver conflictos no violentos y mayores intenciones de no actuar violentamente, incremento en la percepción y actitudes hacia la violencia, aumentó del conocimiento sobre violencia, menor aceptación de la agresión de las mujeres sobre los hombres e incremento de la búsqueda de ayuda. Discusión y conclusiones. Resultan pocas las intervenciones de prevención de VP en adolescentes, adultas(os) jóvenes y culturalmente ad hoc a poblaciones Latina e Hispano-americanas, cuando se comparan con intervenciones disponibles que no consideran criterios de raza o de antecedentes socio-culturales específicos. La corta duración de las intervenciones sigue siendo una característica observable en relación al resultado esperado en las variables dependientes, ya que de esto depende el cambio conductual. Las intervenciones para prevenir VP pueden ser prometedoras cuando se implementan en el contexto educativo, incluyendo estudiantes, personal docente y administrativo, con enfoques comunitarios participativos, considerando las singularidades del contexto socio-cultural y estructural que moldea a las conductas de violencia contra las mujeres. La adaptación de dichas intervenciones a contextos similares mediante procesos sistemáticos contribuye a la transferencia del conocimiento y al mejoramiento de las innovaciones.Introduction. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex phenomenon composed of multiple micro and macro socio structural elements. It has become a public health priority. The aim of the study was to identify IPVprevention interventions directed towards the Latino and Hispanic-American population through a systematic review, following the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. Methodology. Studies were extracted from PubMed, EBSCO, PsycINFO, Web of Sciences, Scopus and Scielo using a specific search strategy for each database. Articles on IPV-prevention in the Latino and/or Hispanic-American population aged between 13 and 24 years, published in English or Spanish and until July 2020 were included. After eliminating duplicates, a total of 1,031 studies were reviewed by title and abstract, 31 were fulltext peer-reviewed, and six studies were included in the evidence synthesis. Results. Four studies presented a medium level of quality and two a high-quality level, according to the Joanna Briggs evaluation tools. Four interventions were implemented in the USA and two in Mexico. Regarding the characteristics of the total sample of the six interventions, the age range was 13 to 23 years, and all addressed both sexes. The six interventions were implemented in educational institutions. The shortest intervention was a four-hour session and the longest was 18-sessions long. Five of the six interventions were theory-based, including Social Learning Theory, Cognitive Social Theory, Theatre of the Oppressed, and the Social Development Model. Significant results were obtained in the following domains: decreasing the acceptance of violence; greater self-efficacy to resolve non-violent conflicts and greater intentions not to act violently; increased perception and attitudes towards violence; increased knowledge about violence; less acceptance of aggression women-to-men; and an increase in help-seeking. Discussion and conclusions. Compared to the number of available interventions that do not specifically address race or socio-cultural background criteria, there are few IPV-prevention interventions addressing adolescents and young adults, or culturally ad hoc interventions for Latin and Hispanic-American populations. Worthy of note was the short duration of interventions in relation to the expected outcome based on the dependent variables, as behavioral change depends on them. Interventions to prevent IPV may be promising when implemented in the educational context, including students, teachers and staff, with participatory community-based approaches and considering the uniqueness of the socio-cultural and structural context that shapes violence against women. The adaptation of such interventions to similar contexts through systematic processes contributes to knowledge transfer and the improvement of innovations

A low steady HBsAg seroprevalence is associated with a low incidence of HBV-related liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in Mexico: a systematic review

To address the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) endemicity and HBV-related liver diseases in Mexico. Research literature reporting on HBsAg and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) prevalence in Mexican study groups were searched in NLM Gateway, PubMed, IMBIOMED, and others. Weighted mean prevalence (WMP) was calculated from the results of each study group. A total of 50 studies were analyzed. Three nationwide surveys revealed an HBsAg seroprevalence of less than 0.3%. Horizontal transmission of HBV infection occurred mainly by sexual activity and exposure to both contaminated surgical equipment and body fluids. High-risk groups exposed to these factors included healthcare workers, pregnant women, female sex workers, hemodialysis patients, and emergency department attendees with an HBsAg WMP ranging from 1.05% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68–1.43) to 14.3% (95% CI, 9.5–19.1). A higher prevalence of anti-HBc in adults than those younger than 20 years was associated with the main risk factors. Anti-HBc WMP ranged from 3.13% (95% CI, 3.01–3.24) in blood donors to 27.7% (95% CI, 21.6–33.9) in hemodialysis patients. A heterogeneous distribution of HBV infection was detected, mainly in native Mexican groups with a high anti-HBc WMP of 42.0% (95% CI, 39.5–44.3) but with a low HBsAg WMP of 2.9% (95% CI 2.08–3.75). Estimations of the Mexican population growth rate and main risk factors suggest that HBsAg seroprevalence has remained steady since 1974. A low HBsAg prevalence is related to the low incidence of HBV-related liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) previously reported in Mexico