Children\u27s Books

Truck (1993) Donald Crews; School Bus (1993) Donald Crews; Stone Men (1993) Nicki Weiss; The Rose In My Garden (1993) Arnold Lobel; Nana\u27s Birthday Party. (1993) Amy Hes

Detection of cytokine protein expression in mouse lung homogenates using suspension bead array

BACKGROUND: The objective for this present study was to determine whether or not suspension bead array is a feasible method to detect changes in cytokine protein expression in mouse lung tissue homogenates. Here, we report on suspension bead array as a feasible method for detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-evoked changes in cytokine protein expression in mouse lung tissue homogenates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were treated (0.2 ml, intraperitoneal, i.p.) with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or LPS (0.25 mg/ml) and sacrificed at either 2- or 24-hours post treatment. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded lung sections were evaluated by light microscopy. Flash frozen lung tissues were homogenized for measurement of various cytokine protein expression levels using suspension bead array, antibody array and ELISA. Comparison between groups was performed using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Pulmonary perivascular edema and an accumulation of mixed cell infiltrates within blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as in the adjacent interstitium, were present at both 2- and 24-hours following LPS treatment. A minimal increase in the number of alveolar macrophages was also observed in the 24-hour LPS-treated mice only. The suspension bead array assay revealed statistically significant increases in mouse lung tissue homogenate levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) proteins and a decrease in IL-2 protein at 24-hours post LPS-treatment only. Similar cytokine protein expression patterns were observed using antibody array. Significantly increased IL-6 protein expression levels were also detected using ELISA, which correlated with the suspension bead array data. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that suspension bead array is a feasible method to detect changes in cytokine protein expression in mouse lung tissue homogenates

Children\u27s Books

(Childrens books) The Dragons are Singing Tonight (1993) Jack Prelutsky; Komodo (1993) Peter Sis; Timothy Twinge. (1993) Florence Parry and Roxanne Heide Pierce; Time To Get Out (1993) Fulvio Testa; I Love You As Much.(1993) Laura Krauss Melmed; Bard of Avon: The Story of William Shakespeare. (1992) Diane Stanley and Peter Vennema; Alamo Across Texas. (1993) Jill Stover; J Spy Two Eyes. (1993

Identification of the ns and nd Rydberg states of O2 for n=3–5

The 4s‐3d and 5s‐4dRydberg complexes of diatomic oxygen have been studied by (2+1) resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization of the X  3∑ g − ground state of O2. We have located and identified at least two vibrational levels of each of the following states: Three of four expected 4sσ Π states; all four expected 5sσ Π states; 18 of 22 expected 3d states (with only the states of the 3dσ orbital remaining unobserved); and 5 of the 10 predicted 4dπ states. State assignments were assisted by the following: the results of rotational cooling and laser polarization experiments which facilitated the rotational analysis, band positions, band intensities, and parameterized calculations. The experimentally determined state locations are compared with the state locations obtained from ab initio calculations. We have carried out isotope experiments and rotational linewidth analysis to study in some detail the mixing between the Rydberg states and the repulsive valence states as well as the mixing between the Rydberg states themselves. We conclude that direct predissociation dominates indirect predissociation as a dissociative mechanism, but there is evidence of Δv≠0 interactions which perturb the rotational structure of the 3dπ∑ and Δ states. The relative intensities of the states detected are found to span a range in excess of 104 with the nsσ Π states being the weakest and the ndπ ∑ states being the strongest. Photoionization of the ndπ ∑ states appears to be most affected by the shape resonance in the continuum. Our measurements confirm the expectation that many of the properties of the Rydberg states in the same series scale as (n*)−3

Identification of the nd Δ and Σ States and the 1,3Φ←←X 3Σ− g Transition of O2 by Resonant Multiphoton Ionization

Spectra of the 3dRydberg state region of O2 have been obtained by two‐photon resonant ionization of the ground electronic state. By varying the rotational distribution and radiation polarization, all observed bands were identified and attributed to excitation of Σ, Δ, and Φ states. Earlier assignments were corrected. The Δ and Φ assignments are complete while the Σ assignments are so far incomplete

Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Alkyl and Alkenyl Free Radicals

The first bands of the photoelectron spectra of simple alkyl and alkenyl free radicals, produced by pyrolysis of organic nitrites, are presented. Thermochemical and structural information about the corresponding carbocations in the gas phase are obtained from interpreting the spectra. In particular, adiabatic ionization potentials are combined with radical heats of formation to obtain heats of formation of the cations. The photoelectron band shapes are discussed in terms of structural changes occurring upon ionization. The focus of this work is· the study of isomeric radicals. Their photoelectron spectra allow the characterization of a series of carbocations with well-defined structures, namely those which closely resemble the radicals, even when the cations can rearrange with little or no activation energy to more stable forms. Radical thermal rearrangement and decomposition pathways are also studied. Chapter I provides a brief introduction to the field of photoelectron spectroscopy of transient species, including a compilation of photoelectron data of transient species, and an introduction to the specific work presented in this thesis. Chapter II presents the photoelectron spectra of the C4H7 radicals 1-methylallyl, 2-methylallyl, allylcarbinyl and cyclobutyl radical, which provide information about the corresponding C4H+7 carbocations in the gas phase. These cations are of longstanding interest in the cyclopropylcarbinyl, cyclobutyl and allylcarbinyl interconversions observed in solvolysis reactions. The photoelectron spectra of 1-propyl, 1-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl and 2-butyl radicals are presented in Chapter III. The corresponding primary cations are of particular interest because they are often postulated as intermediates or transition states in gas-phase and solution isomerization processes. Chapter IV describes the application of photoelectron spectroscopy to the study of low-pressure gas-surface reactions. Organic radicals, as well as stable products, have been detected directly after exiting the catalyst bed. Allylic hydrogen abstraction by heated bismuth oxide catalyst forms gas-phase allyl and 2-methylallyl radicals from propylene and isobutylene in the presence of oxygen. Mechanistic information is obtained by varying the catalyst temperature and reactant partial pressures.</p

The Relative Importance of Transformational Leadership and Contingent Reward on Satisfaction with Supervision in Nonprofit and For-profit Organizations

We study the relationships and intervening mechanism between leaders’ transformational and contingent reward behaviors and the raters’ satisfaction with their supervision in the context of nonprofit and for-profit management settings in the United States. The results show that regardless of the context, transformational leadership on the part of the manager relates positively to the raters’ satisfaction with supervision and that this relationship is stronger in nonprofit organizations. Our results also provide evidence for the differential impact of contingent reward in for-profit and nonprofit settings. In the for-profit context, the relationship between contingent reward and satisfaction with supervision is negative while in nonprofit organizations this relationship is positive. In both contexts, transformational leadership positively moderates the effect of contingent reward on employee satisfaction with supervision. Our findings contribute to an improved understanding of how managers’ different leadership styles affect satisfaction depending on the organizational context. Practical implications for managers in both nonprofit and for-profit settings are provide

A Halomethane thermochemical network from iPEPICO experiments and quantum chemical calculations

Internal energy selected halomethane cations CH3Cl+, CH2Cl2+, CHCl3+, CH3F+, CH2F2+, CHClF2+ and CBrClF2+ were prepared by vacuum ultraviolet photoionization, and their lowest energy dissociation channel studied using imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy (iPEPICO). This channel involves hydrogen atom loss for CH3F+, CH2F2+ and CH3Cl+, chlorine atom loss for CH2Cl2+, CHCl3+ and CHClF2+, and bromine atom loss for CBrClF2+. Accurate 0 K appearance energies, in conjunction with ab initio isodesmic and halogen exchange reaction energies, establish a thermochemical network, which is optimized to update and confirm the enthalpies of formation of the sample molecules and their dissociative photoionization products. The ground electronic states of CHCl3+, CHClF2+ and CBrClF2+ do not confirm to the deep well assumption, and the experimental breakdown curve deviates from the deep well model at low energies. Breakdown curve analysis of such shallow well systems supplies a satisfactorily succinct route to the adiabatic ionization energy of the parent molecule, particularly if the threshold photoelectron spectrum is not resolved and a purely computational route is unfeasible. The ionization energies have been found to be 11.47 ± 0.01 eV, 12.30 ± 0.02 eV and 11.23 ± 0.03 eV for CHCl3, CHClF2 and CBrClF2, respectively. The updated 0 K enthalpies of formation, ∆fHo0K(g) for the ions CH2F+, CHF2+, CHCl2+, CCl3+, CCl2F+ and CClF2+ have been derived to be 844.4 ± 2.1, 601.6 ± 2.7, 890.3 ± 2.2, 849.8 ± 3.2, 701.2 ± 3.3 and 552.2 ± 3.4 kJ mol–1, respectively. The ∆fHo0K(g) values for the neutrals CCl4, CBrClF2, CClF3, CCl2F2 and CCl3F and have been determined to be –94.0 ± 3.2, –446.6 ± 2.7, –702.1 ± 3.5, –487.8 ± 3.4 and –285.2 ± 3.2 kJ mol–1, respectively