Het tijdskrediet eindeloopbaan : verlengt het de beroepsloopbaan?

In deze studie onderzoeken we hoe deeltijds werk gekoppeld aan tijdskrediet in de private sector de kans beïnvloedt om op het einde van de loopbaan aan het werk te blijven . We houden rekening met selecte deelname aan het tijdskrediet door te controleren voor een uitgebreide set van individuele kenmerken en indicatoren van de volledige arbeidsgeschiedenis van werknemers. We vinden dat het tijdskrediet de kans om aan het werk te blijven gedurende de eerste twee (vier) jaar significant verhoogt. Wanneer de begunstigden van het tijdskrediet recht krijgen op een vervroegd pensioen, keert dit positieve effect echter en treden de begunstigden vroeger uit de arbeidsmarkt dan wanneer ze geen tijdskrediet hadden opgenomen. Deze resultaten suggereren dat het tijdskrediet initieel de balans tussen werk en vrije tijd herstelt, maar dat het uiteindelijk de hechting met de arbeidsmarkt doet verliezen. Deeltijds gaan werken op het einde van de loopbaan verlaagt ook licht de kans op ziekteverzuim, maar dit effect is statistisch niet significant verschillend van nul. Een kosten-baten analyse geeft aan dat de maatschappelijke kosten over het algemeen groter zijn de baten voor de samenleving

Fabrication of Spherical Multi-Hollow TiO₂ Nanostructures for Photoanode Film with Enhanced Light-Scattering Performance

Spherical multihollow (MH) TiO₂ nanostructures have been synthesized via a microemulsion-based approach with titanium glycerolate complexes formation at glycerol microemulsions interface. The self-aggregation of those microemulsions induces the formation of MH TiO₂ nanospheres. Owing to this hierarchical hollow structure, photoanode films derived from MH TiO₂ nanosphere as light scattering layer exhibits an enhanced light harvesting efficiency, thus leading to a 43% increment of photovoltaic performance compared to that from P25 nanoparticle film

Multifunctional Fe₃O₄@Ag/SiO₂/Au Core–Shell Microspheres as a Novel SERS-Activity Label via Long-Range Plasmon Coupling

Noble metallic nanostructures exhibit a phenomenon known as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in which the Raman scattering cross sections are dramatically enhanced for the molecules adsorbed thereon. Due to their wide accessible potential range in aqueous solutions and the high biocompatibility, Au supports are preferred for spectro-electrochemical investigations. However, the optical range in SERS spectroscopy is restricted to excitation lines above 600 nm, which is shorter than the Ag supports. In addition, these SERS-activity materials are not easy to separate and reused. Herein, the present article reports the novel multifunctional Fe₃O₄@Ag/SiO₂/Au core–shell microspheres that display long-range plasmon transfer of Ag to Au leading to enhanced Raman scattering. The well-designed microspheres have high magnetization and uniform sphere size. As a result, Fe₃O₄@Ag/SiO₂/Au microspheres have the best enhancement effect in the Raman active research by using Rhodamine-b (RdB) as a probe molecule. The enhancement factor is estimated to be 2.2 × 10⁴ for RdB from the long-range plasmon transfer of Ag to Au, corresponding to an attenuation of the enhancement by a factor of only 0.672 × 10⁴ compared to RdB adsorbed directly on the Fe₃O₄@Ag microspheres. RdB can be detected down to 10^–9 M even without the resonance SERS effect. The unique nanostructure makes the microspheres novel stable and a high-enhancement effect for Raman detection

Macro-mesoporous TiO₂ Microspheres for Highly Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

In this work, the novel macro-mesoporous TiO₂ microspheres (MMTMs) have been synthesized via a spray drying route with fumed silica (FS) as template, followed by calcination and etching. The as-synthesized MMTMs have unique bimodal porous structures of macropores origin from FS template and mesopores accumulated by TiO₂ nanoparticles. The macro-mesoporous structure endows the TiO₂ microspheres with better surface area and wonderful light scattering property. When MMTMs are employed as the photoelectrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells, short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage are both improved and the high power conversion efficiency of 8.68% is obtained eventually, which is much higher than P25 photoelectrode. The excellent performance can be attributed to the excellent light-scattering property, better diffusion of electrolyte as well as superior electron transport owing to the unique bimodal pore structure and the dense packed of the internal nanoparticles of MMTMs

Interfacial Synthesis and Supercapacitive Performance of Hierarchical Sulfonated Carbon Nanotubes/Polyaniline Nanocomposites

The novel hierarchical PANI/sMWCNT nanocomposites were synthesized through the interfacial polymerization method in the presence of the sulfonated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (sMWCNT), and the effect of oxidant content on the chain structure of PANI, the microstructure, and supercapacitive performance of the composites were investigated systematically. FT-IR spectra revealed the presence of π–π interactions between PANI and sMWCNT, and the charge-transfer composites were formed. It was found that more charge-transfer composites developed when the oxidant was at a lower content. The FESEM images indicated that the morphology of the composites changed significantly with varying oxidant content. It could be seen from electrochemical tests that the supercapacitive performance of the nanocomposites was influenced markedly by their microstructure, the content, and the oxidation degree of PANI. When the oxidant content was high at 2 for the APS/aniline mole ratio, the composite had high specific capacitance with 431.3 F/g but showed poor rate performance and charge/discharge stability. At a lower oxidant content with 1/6 of the APS/aniline mole ratio, the specific capacitance of the composite decreased to 216.6 F/g; nevertheless, it possessed superior rate performance with 82.8% capacitance retention at 10 A/g and excellent cyclability with just 11.2% capacitance loss after 2000 cycles

Controlled Synthesis of Ultrathin Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres for Supercapacitor Applications

Ultrathin, uniform and monodisperse hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres (HMCNs) with a thickness of ∼3.8 nm have been synthesized. The obtained HMCNs have a high specific surface area (568 m² g^–1), large pore volume (1.63 cm³ g^–1), and highly accessible mesopores (∼9.1 nm). Notably, we realized precise control of the shell thickness in the range of ultrathin size (<10 nm). When applied as supercapacitor electrodes, the HMCNs demonstrate impressive capacitive properties, such as high specific capacitance (253 F g^–1), excellent rate capability (111 F g^–1 at 60 A g^–1) and outstanding cycling stability (only 3.8% loss after 5000 cycles). The results suggest that the unique structure of HMCNs can allow high rate electrolyte infiltration and rapid ion diffusion. The present findings push forward the development of carbon materials, exhibiting huge potential for applications in energy storage fields

Dispersed CuO Nanoparticles on a Silicon Nanowire for Improved Performance of Nonenzymatic H₂O₂ Detection

A finely dispersed CuO nanoparticle electrocatalyst on a silicon nanowire (SiNW) was achieved via a designed, precursor-mediated strategy by combining metal-assisted chemical etching, electroless deposition, and thermal oxidation. The CuO assembled on silicon nanowires (CuO-SiNWs) showed a competent sensitivity of 22.27 μA/mM, a wider linear range from 0.01 to 13.18 mM, and a comparable detection limit of 1.6 μM (3S/N) for nonenzymatic H₂O₂ detection. The archetype sensor also demonstrated eligible selectivity against common interfering species. By the introduction of the SiNW carrier, which led to mitigated conglomeration of the electrocatalyst and a favorable microstructure of the electrocatalyst–carrier system, improved signal-concentration linearity and higher electrocatalyst utilization efficiency were obtained with CuO-SiNWs. These results demonstrated the feasibility of the synthetic strategy and the potential of the nanocomposite as a promising candidate for H₂O₂ sensing

Confined Synthesis of FeS₂ Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Carbon Nanotube Hybrids for Ultrastable Lithium-Ion Batteries

To address the large volume change and polysulfide dissolution of FeS₂-based materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), we demonstrate the synthesis of FeS₂ nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a confined reaction. There is sufficient void space between adjacent FeS₂ nanoparticles for guaranteeing the highly structural integrity. The resultant FeS₂/CNT hybrids, when served as anode materials for LIBs, predictably exhibit a very stable capacity retention of 800 mAh g^–1 over 200 cycles at 200 mA g^–1. Even at 2000 mA g^–1, they still deliver high-rate and long-life performance with a high specific capacity of 525 mAh g^–1 after 1000 cycles. Such a kind of encapsulated structure is helpful for enhancing rate capability and cycling stability in LIBs applications. Importantly, the present confined reaction strategy can be extensively applied to synthesize other analogous hybrids for energy storage and conversion

Three-Dimensional Highly Stretchable Conductors from Elastic Fiber Mat with Conductive Polymer Coating

The manufacture of stretchable conductors with well-reserved electrical performance under large-degree deformations via scalable processes remains of great importance. In this work, a highly stretchable 3D conductive framework consisting of a polyurethane fiber mat (PUF) and poly­(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is reported through facile approaches, electrospinning, and in situ interfacial polymerization, which was then backfilled with poly­(dimethylsiloxane) to obtain 3D conductors. The excellent stretchability of the 3D conductive network imparted the as-prepared electrode a superior mechanical durability. Moreover, the applied strains can be effectively accommodated by the arrangement and orientation of the fibers resulting in a relatively stable electrical performance with only a 20% increased resistance at 100% stretching. Meanwhile, the resistance of the conductor could remain constant during 2000 bending cycles and showed a slight increase during 100 cycles of 50% stretching. The potential in the applications of large-area stretchable electrodes was demonstrated by the construction of LED arrays with the PUF-based conductors as electrical connections

Stable Core Shell Co₃Fe₇–CoFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles Synthesized via Flame Spray Pyrolysis Approach

Air stable Co₃Fe₇–CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles have been synthesized via one-step flame spray pyrolysis of a mixture of Fe/Co precursor solution under stronger reducing atmosphere. The as-synthesized nanoparticles with diameters of 20–80 nm showed a typical core shell structure and high stability for being one month in air, whose metallic Co₃Fe₇ cores were protected against oxidation by a surface shell of about 2–4 nm cobalt iron oxide (CoFe₂O₄). The ratio of metallic Fe/Co alloy nanoparticles was 7:3. The alloy nanoparticles exhibited enhanced saturation magnetization (126.1 emu/g), compared with flame sprayed iron nanoparticles with the same conditions. The formation process of metallic alloy nanoparticles with core–shell structure was investigated, which included three stages: flame combustion, reducing, and surface oxidation during the flame process. It is reckoned that such a continuous production approach is an effective way to produce the stable Co₃Fe₇ alloy nanoparticles with high saturation magnetization