MOESM5 of Switchgrass SBP-box transcription factors PvSPL1 and 2 function redundantly to initiate side tillers and affect biomass yield of energy crop

Additional file 5: Figure S3.  Expression levels of PvSPL1 in PvSPL1SRDX and rPvSPL1 overexpressing transgenic switchgrass plants were revealed by qRT-PCR. Switchgrass Ubq2 was used as the reference for normalization. PvSPL1: sum of exo- and endo-PvSPL1 transcript versions

Application of "Problem Solving" in Religious Educatiion

Anglická anotace (English annotation) Application of the "Problem solving" to the Religious education This dissertation work deals with the practical application of teaching methods "problem solving" in the lessons of religion with all its pros and cons. It deals with issues in the teaching of religious education 8th classes of elementary schools, using only the Czech language and suggested topics, which are set out in the curriculum of religious education Roman Catholic Church in 2004, for use in the diocese of Hradec Králové. The first part is devoted to learning theory, regulations, curriculum and teaching plans of the relevant legislation with regard to the specifics and the territorial limits. The following section presents the individual applicable methods in the "problem solving" with respect to the development of key competencies of students. And in the last section are selected appropriate methods discussed in details and presented on topics discussed in the teaching of religious education lessons. The course of instruction and the subsequent reactions of students and teachers alike are drawn appropriate recommendations to the methods already fully applicable. In conclusion, the proper methods for teaching religious education in the 8th elementary school classroom are described in detail for any..

MOESM7 of Switchgrass SBP-box transcription factors PvSPL1 and 2 function redundantly to initiate side tillers and affect biomass yield of energy crop

Additional file 7: Table S4. Primer sequences used for gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR and plasmid construction

MOESM4 of Switchgrass SBP-box transcription factors PvSPL1 and 2 function redundantly to initiate side tillers and affect biomass yield of energy crop

Additional file 4: Figure S2. Relationships between expression levels of the miR156-targeted PvSPL genes and tiller numbers. Twelve independent positive miR156 overexpressing transgenic switchgrass lines were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Expression levels of PvSPL1/19, 2/18, 3/5, and 6/7 in the transgenic switchgrass plants were detected by qRT-PCR. Switchgrass Ubq2 was used as the reference for normalization

Chromosomal distribution and expansion analysis of <i>MtGRAS</i> genes in <i>M</i>. <i>truncatula</i>.

<p>Green lines show paralogous genes duplicated by segmental duplication (SD), and grey lines indicate tandem duplication (TD).</p

Detailed information for 59 <i>GRAS</i> genes in the <i>M</i>. <i>truncatula</i> genome.

<p>Detailed information for 59 <i>GRAS</i> genes in the <i>M</i>. <i>truncatula</i> genome.</p

Comparative analysis of expression profiles of duplicated <i>MtGRAS</i> genes.

<p>The X-axis represents different tissues of <i>M</i>. <i>truncatula</i>. The Y-axis shows the expression values (FPKM) obtained using RNA-seq data.</p

Relative expression levels of <i>MtGRAS</i> genes in different abiotic stress treatments.

<p>Three-week-old <i>M</i>. <i>truncatula</i> (cv. Jemolong A17) seedlings were subjected to various stress treatments including GA3 gibberellin (30 μM), cold (4°C), and salt (200 mM). The expression level was measured at 0h, 3hm and 6h after treatment. Error bars show the standard error of three replicates.</p

Phylogenetic tree constructed using GRAS proteins from <i>Medicago truncatula</i>, <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, and <i>Oryza sativa</i>.

<p>The phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA5. Members in the same clade are marked by the same color.</p

Overexpression of the <i>WOX</i> gene <i>STENOFOLIA</i> improves biomass yield and sugar release in transgenic grasses and display altered cytokinin homeostasis

<div><p>Lignocellulosic biomass can be a significant source of renewable clean energy with continued improvement in biomass yield and bioconversion strategies. In higher plants, the leaf blade is the central energy convertor where solar energy and CO₂ are assimilated to make the building blocks for biomass production. Here we report that introducing the leaf blade development regulator <i>STENOFOLIA</i> (<i>STF</i>), a WOX family transcription factor, into the biofuel crop switchgrass, significantly improves both biomass yield and sugar release. We found that <i>STF</i> overexpressing switchgrass plants produced approximately 2-fold more dry biomass and release approximately 1.8-fold more solubilized sugars without pretreatment compared to controls. The biomass increase was attributed mainly to increased leaf width and stem thickness, which was also consistent in <i>STF</i> transgenic rice and <i>Brachypodium</i>, and appeared to be caused by enhanced cell proliferation. STF directly binds to multiple regions in the promoters of some cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (<i>CKX</i>) genes and represses their expression in all three transgenic grasses. This repression was accompanied by a significant increase in active cytokinin content in transgenic rice leaves, suggesting that the increase in biomass productivity and sugar release could at least in part be associated with improved cytokinin levels caused by repression of cytokinin degrading enzymes. Our study provides a new tool for improving biomass feedstock yield in bioenergy crops, and uncovers a novel mechanistic insight in the function of <i>STF</i>, which may also apply to other repressive <i>WOX</i> genes that are master regulators of several key plant developmental programs.</p></div