Mul-GAD: a semi-supervised graph anomaly detection framework via aggregating multi-view information

Anomaly detection is defined as discovering patterns that do not conform to the expected behavior. Previously, anomaly detection was mostly conducted using traditional shallow learning techniques, but with little improvement. As the emergence of graph neural networks (GNN), graph anomaly detection has been greatly developed. However, recent studies have shown that GNN-based methods encounter challenge, in that no graph anomaly detection algorithm can perform generalization on most datasets. To bridge the tap, we propose a multi-view fusion approach for graph anomaly detection (Mul-GAD). The view-level fusion captures the extent of significance between different views, while the feature-level fusion makes full use of complementary information. We theoretically and experimentally elaborate the effectiveness of the fusion strategies. For a more comprehensive conclusion, we further investigate the effect of the objective function and the number of fused views on detection performance. Exploiting these findings, our Mul-GAD is proposed equipped with fusion strategies and the well-performed objective function. Compared with other state-of-the-art detection methods, we achieve a better detection performance and generalization in most scenarios via a series of experiments conducted on Pubmed, Amazon Computer, Amazon Photo, Weibo and Books. Our code is available at https://github.com/liuyishoua/Mul-Graph-Fusion.Comment: Graph anomaly detection on attribute networ

Badanie wstępne ekspresji i wartości klinicznej oznaczenia czynnika wzrostu pochodzenia płytkowego BB, czynnika indukowanego hipoksją-1α i receptora chemokiny C-C typu 2 we krwi obwodowej w patogenezie choroby Gravesa-Basedowa

Introduction: Platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) plays an important role in the development of GD (Graves’ disease). However, it is still unknown whether PDGF-BB is expressed in peripheral blood and whether the expression of PDGF-BB contributes to GD. We aim to study the expression of PDGF-BB, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR)-2 in peripheral blood of patients with GD and explore its effect and potential mechanism in pathogenesis. Material and methods: 41 patients with GD (GD group) and forty-five healthy people (control group) were chosen. The concentration of PDGF-BB and HIF-1α in peripheral blood specimens were detected and compared between the two groups. The expression of CCR2 in macrophages in the peripheral blood specimens were examined using FCM (Flow Cytometry). Results: Both PDGF-BB and HIF-1α were expressed in human peripheral blood from the two groups. Compared with specimens from healthy people, there were statistically increased concentrations of PDGF-BB and HIF-1α in the GD group (P < 0.05). The proportion of CCR2-positive macrophages in peripheral blood in the GD group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: CCR2-positive macrophages may induce the expression of PDGF-BB through HIF-1α signal, and the high expression of PDGF-BB may be involved in the pathogenesis of GD.Wprowadzenie: Czynnik wzrostu pochodzenia płytkowego BB (platelet-derived growth factor BB, PDGF-BB) odgrywa ważną rolę w roz­woju choroby Gravesa-Basedowa (Graves’ disease, GD). Jednak wciąż nie wiadomo, czy PDGF-BB ulega ekspresji we krwi obwodowej i czy ekspresja PDGF-BB przyczynia się do GD. Badanie przeprowadzono w celu zbadania ekspresji PDGF-BB, czynnika indukowanego hipoksją-1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α) i receptora chemokiny C-C typu 2 (C-C motif chemokine receptor-2, CCR-2) we krwi obwo­dowej pacjentów z GD i zbadania wpływu tych cząsteczek i potencjalnego mechanizmu ich działania w patogenezie choroby. Materiał i metody: Do badania włączono 41 pacjentów z GD (grupa GD) i 45 osób zdrowych (grupa kontrolna). Stężenie PDGF-BB i HIF-1α w próbkach krwi obwodowej oznaczono i porównano między grupami. Do pomiaru ekspresji CCR2 w makrofagach krwi obwodowej zastosowano metodę cytometrii przepływowej (flow cytometry, FCM). Wyniki: W obu grupach badanych stwierdzono ekspresję PDGF-BB i HIF-1α we krwi obwodowej. W grupie GD odnotowano istotne statystycznie wyższe stężenia PDGF-BB i HIF-1α niż u osób zdrowych (p &lt; 0,05). Odsetek makrofagów CCR2-dodatnich we krwi obwo­dowej w grupie GD był istotnie wyższy niż w grupie kontrolnej (p &lt; 0,05). Wnioski: Makrofagi CCR2-dodatnie mogą indukować ekspresję PDGF-BB za pośrednictwem sygnału HIF-1α, a wysoka ekspresja PDGF­BB może odgrywać rolę w patogenezie GD

Extraction optimization and characterization of polysaccharide antioxidants from Pinellia ternata (Thunb) Breit rhizome

Purpose: To investigate the optimum extraction conditions of polysaccharides from Pinellia Rhizoma (PRP) and their antioxidant activities.Methods: Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the water extraction conditions of PRP by Box-Benhnken design (BBD). A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was performed for determining the monosaccharide composition, while a high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) method was established for determining the molecular weight distribution of PRP. In addition, scavenging DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of PRP.Results: As a result, the optimum extraction conditions of PRP were as follows: extraction time, 103 min; solid-liquid ratio, 24 g/mL; and extraction no., 3. Under these conditions, the maximum extraction yield of PRP was 2.47 %, which matched the optimum value (2.55 %) predicted by RSM. The results of HPLC analysis suggest that the monosaccharide composition of PRP was mannose (Man), galactose acid (Gal acid), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), and arabinose (Ara) in molar ratios of 5.76:2.20:2.64:4.57:1, respectively, and the molecular weight ranged from 13592 to 445065. Furthermore, PRP showed marked antioxidant activities with the highest DPPH free radical scavenging rate of 71.5 % and O2- free radical scavenging rate of 87.5 % at a concentration of 10 mg/mL.Conclusion: RSM is a rapid and effective statistical technique for optimizing conditions for PRP extraction. Furthermore, PRP is a potential natural source of antioxidants.Keywords: Pinellia rhizoma, Polysaccharides Optimization extraction, Monosaccharide composition, Antioxidant activit

Progressive Semantic-Visual Mutual Adaption for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning

Generalized Zero-Shot Learning (GZSL) identifies unseen categories by knowledge transferred from the seen domain, relying on the intrinsic interactions between visual and semantic information. Prior works mainly localize regions corresponding to the sharing attributes. When various visual appearances correspond to the same attribute, the sharing attributes inevitably introduce semantic ambiguity, hampering the exploration of accurate semantic-visual interactions. In this paper, we deploy the dual semantic-visual transformer module (DSVTM) to progressively model the correspondences between attribute prototypes and visual features, constituting a progressive semantic-visual mutual adaption (PSVMA) network for semantic disambiguation and knowledge transferability improvement. Specifically, DSVTM devises an instance-motivated semantic encoder that learns instance-centric prototypes to adapt to different images, enabling the recast of the unmatched semantic-visual pair into the matched one. Then, a semantic-motivated instance decoder strengthens accurate cross-domain interactions between the matched pair for semantic-related instance adaption, encouraging the generation of unambiguous visual representations. Moreover, to mitigate the bias towards seen classes in GZSL, a debiasing loss is proposed to pursue response consistency between seen and unseen predictions. The PSVMA consistently yields superior performances against other state-of-the-art methods. Code will be available at: https://github.com/ManLiuCoder/PSVMA.Comment: Accepted by CVPR202

PHUIMUS: A Potential High Utility Itemsets Mining Algorithm Based on Stream Data with Uncertainty

High utility itemsets (HUIs) mining has been a hot topic recently, which can be used to mine the profitable itemsets by considering both the quantity and profit factors. Up to now, researches on HUIs mining over uncertain datasets and data stream had been studied respectively. However, to the best of our knowledge, the issue of HUIs mining over uncertain data stream is seldom studied. In this paper, PHUIMUS (potential high utility itemsets mining over uncertain data stream) algorithm is proposed to mine potential high utility itemsets (PHUIs) that represent the itemsets with high utilities and high existential probabilities over uncertain data stream based on sliding windows. To realize the algorithm, potential utility list over uncertain data stream (PUS-list) is designed to mine PHUIs without rescanning the analyzed uncertain data stream. And transaction weighted probability and utility tree (TWPUS-tree) over uncertain data stream is also designed to decrease the number of candidate itemsets generated by the PHUIMUS algorithm. Substantial experiments are conducted in terms of run-time, number of discovered PHUIs, memory consumption, and scalability on real-life and synthetic databases. The results show that our proposed algorithm is reasonable and acceptable for mining meaningful PHUIs from uncertain data streams

Spectrum-effect relationships between high performance liquid chromatography fingerprints and bioactivities of charred areca nut

Purpose: To investigate the spectrum-effect relationships between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints and duodenum contractility of charred areca nut (CAN) on rats.Methods: An HPLC method was used to establish the fingerprint of charred areca nut (CAN). The promoting effect on contractility of intestinal smooth was carried out to evaluate the duodenum contractility of CAN in vitro. In addition, the spectrum-effect relationships between HPLC fingerprints and bioactivities of CAN were investigated using multiple linear regression analysis (backward method).Results: Fourteen common peaks were detected and peak 3 (5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural, 5-HMF) was selected as the reference peak to calculate the relative retention time of 13 other common peaks. In addition, the equation of spectrum-effect relationships {Y = 3.818 - 1.126X1 + 0.817X2 - 0.045X4 - 0.504X5 + 0.728X6 - 0.056X8 + 1.122X9 - 0.247X13 - 0.978X14 (p &lt; 0.05, R2 = 1)} was established in the present study by the multiple linear regression analysis (backward method). According to the equation, the absolute value of the coefficient before X1, X2, X4, X5, X6, X8, X9, X13, X14 was the coefficient between the component and the parameter.Conclusion: The model presented in this study successfully unraveled the spectrum-effect relationship of CAN, which provides a promising strategy for screening effective constituents of areca nut.Keywords: Charred areca nut, Spectrum-effect relationships, HPLC fingerprints, Duodenum contractilit

Efficient characteristics of exchange coupling and spin-flop transition in Py/Gd bilayer using anisotropic magnetoresistance

The interlayer antiferromagnetic coupling rare-earth/transition-metal bilayer ferrimagnet systems have attracted much attention because they present variously unusual temperature-and field-dependent nontrivial magnetic states and dynamics. These properties and the implementation of their applications in spintronics highly depend on the significant temperature dependence of the magnetic exchange stiffness constant A. Here, we quantitatively determine the temperature dependence of magnetic exchange stiffness A_{Py-Gd} and A_{Gd} in the artificially layered ferrimagnet consisting of a Py/Gd bilayer, using a measurement of anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) of the bilayer thin film at different temperatures and magnetic fields. The obtained temperature dependence of A_{Py-Gd} and A_{Gd} exhibit a scaling power law with the magnetization of Gd. The critical field of spin-flop transition and its temperature dependence can also be directly obtained by this method. Additionally, the experimental results are well reproduced by micromagnetic simulations with the obtained parameters A_{Py-Gd} and A_{Gd}, which further confirms the reliability of this easily accessible technique.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

In silico screening of anti-inflammatory constituents with good drug-like properties from twigs of Cinnamomum cassia based on molecular docking and network pharmacology

Purpose: To investigate by in silico screening the anti-inflammatory constituents of Cinnamomum cassia twigs. Methods: Information on the constituents of C. cassia twigs was retrieved from the online Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) database and literature. Inflammation-related target proteins were identified from DrugBank, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), Genetic Association Database (GAD), and PharmGKB. The identified compounds were filtered by Lipinski’s rules with Discovery Studio software. The “Libdock” module was used to perform molecular docking; LibdockScores and default cutoff values for hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions were recorded. LibdockScores between the prototype ligand and target protein were set as the threshold; compounds with higher LibdockScores than threshold were regarded as active compounds. Cytoscape software was used to construct active constituent-target protein interaction networks. Results: Sixty-nine potential inflammatory constituents with good drug-like properties in C. cassia twigs were screened in silico based on molecular docking and network pharmacology analysis. JAK2, mPEGS-1, COX-2, IL-1β, and PPARγ were considered the five most important target proteins. Compounds such as methyl dihydromelilotoside, hierochin B, dihydromelilotoside, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, balanophonin, phenethyl (E)-3-[4-methoxyphenyl]-2-propenoate, quercetin, and luteolin each interacted with more than six of the selected target proteins. Conclusion: C. cassia twigs possess active compounds with good drug-like properties that can potentially be developed to treat inflammation with multi-components on multi-targets

Stochastic spin-orbit-torque device as the STDP synapse for spiking neural networks

Neuromorphic hardware as a non-Von Neumann architecture has better energy efficiency and parallelism than the conventional computer. Here, with numerical modeling spin-orbit torque (SOT) device using current-induced SOT and Joule heating effects, we acquire its magnetization switching probability as a function of the input current pulses and use it to mimic the spike-timing-dependent plasticity learning behavior like actual brain working. We further demonstrate that the artificial spiking neural network (SNN) built by this SOT device can perform unsupervised handwritten digit recognition with the accuracy of 80% and logic operation learning. Our work provides a new clue to achieving SNN-based neuromorphic hardware using high-energy efficiency and nonvolatile spintronics nanodevicesComment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Oral care measures for preventing nursing home‐acquired pneumonia

Background Pneumonia occurring in residents of long-term care facilities and nursing homes can be termed 'nursing home-acquired pneumonia' (NHAP). NHAP is the leading cause of mortality among residents. NHAP may be caused by aspiration of oropharyngeal flora into the lung, and by failure of the individual's defence mechanisms to eliminate the aspirated bacteria. Oral care measures to remove or disrupt oral plaque might be effective in reducing the risk of NHAP. Objectives To assess effects of oral care measures for preventing nursing home-acquired pneumonia in residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities. Search methods Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 15 November 2017), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library, 2017, Issue 10), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 15 November 2017), and Embase Ovid (1980 to 15 November 2017) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; 1937 to 15 November 2017). The US National Institutes of Health Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases. We also searched the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and the Sciencepaper Online to 20 November 2017. Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of oral care measures (brushing, swabbing, denture cleaning mouthrinse, or combination) in residents of any age in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities. Data collection and analysis At least two review authors independently assessed search results, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias in the included studies. We contacted study authors for additional information. We pooled data from studies with similar interventions and outcomes. We reported risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes, mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes, and hazard ratio (HR) for time-to-event outcomes, using random-effects models. Main results We included four RCTs (3905 participants), all of which were at high risk of bias. The studies all evaluated one comparison: professional oral care versus usual oral care. We did not pool the results from one study (N = 834 participants), which was stopped at interim analysis due to lack of a clear difference between groups. We were unable to determine whether professional oral care resulted in a lower incidence rate of NHAP compared with usual oral care over an 18-month period (hazard ratio 0.65, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.46; one study, 2513 participants analysed; low-quality evidence). We were also unable to determine whether professional oral care resulted in a lower number of first episodes of pneumonia compared with usual care over a 24-month period (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.01; one study, 366 participants analysed; low-quality evidence). There was low-quality evidence from two studies that professional oral care may reduce the risk of pneumonia-associated mortality compared with usual oral care at 24-month follow-up (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.72, 507 participants analysed). We were uncertain whether or not professional oral care may reduce all-cause mortality compared to usual care, when measured at 24-month follow-up (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.15; one study, 141 participants analysed; very low-quality evidence). Only one study (834 participants randomised) measured adverse effects of the interventions. The study identified no serious events and 64 non-serious events, the most common of which were oral cavity disturbances (not defined) and dental staining. No studies evaluated oral care versus no oral care. Authors' conclusions Although low-quality evidence suggests that professional oral care could reduce mortality due to pneumonia in nursing home residents when compared to usual care, this finding must be considered with caution. Evidence for other outcomes is inconclusive. We found no high-quality evidence to determine which oral care measures are most effective for reducing nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Further trials are needed to draw reliable conclusions