2,784 research outputs found
Second generation Robo-AO instruments and systems
The prototype Robo-AO system at the Palomar Observatory 1.5-m telescope is
the world's first fully automated laser adaptive optics instrument. Scientific
operations commenced in June 2012 and more than 12,000 observations have since
been performed at the ~0.12" visible-light diffraction limit. Two new infrared
cameras providing high-speed tip-tilt sensing and a 2' field-of-view will be
integrated in 2014. In addition to a Robo-AO clone for the 2-m IGO and the
natural guide star variant KAPAO at the 1-m Table Mountain telescope, a second
generation of facility-class Robo-AO systems are in development for the 2.2-m
University of Hawai'i and 3-m IRTF telescopes which will provide higher Strehl
ratios, sharper imaging, ~0.07", and correction to {\lambda} = 400 nm.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, 3 table
Observing Strategies for the NICI Campaign to Directly Image Extrasolar Planets
We discuss observing strategy for the Near Infrared Coronagraphic Imager
(NICI) on the 8-m Gemini South telescope. NICI combines a number of techniques
to attenuate starlight and suppress superspeckles: 1) coronagraphic imaging, 2)
dual channel imaging for Spectral Differential Imaging (SDI) and 3) operation
in a fixed Cassegrain rotator mode for Angular Differential Imaging (ADI). NICI
will be used both in service mode and for a dedicated 50 night planet search
campaign. While all of these techniques have been used individually in large
planet-finding surveys, this is the first time ADI and SDI will be used with a
coronagraph in a large survey. Thus, novel observing strategies are necessary
to conduct a viable planet search campaign.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, submitted to Proceedings of the SPI
Adaptive Optics Imaging of a Massive Galaxy Associated with a Metal-rich Absorber
The damped and sub-damped Lyman-alpha absorption line systems in quasar
spectra are believed to be produced by intervening galaxies. However, the
connection of quasar absorbers to galaxies is not well-understood, since
attempts to image the absorbing galaxies have often failed. While most DLAs
appear to be metal-poor, a population of metal-rich absorbers, mostly sub-DLAs,
has been discovered in recent studies. Here we report high-resolution K-band
imaging with the Keck Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics (LGSAO) system of the
field of quasar SDSSJ1323-0021 in search of the galaxy producing the z = 0.72
sub-DLA absorber. With a metallicity of 2-4 times the solar level, this
absorber is of the most metal-rich systems found to date. Our data show a large
bright galaxy with an angular separation of only 1.25" from the quasar,
well-resolved from the quasar at the high resolution of our data. The galaxy
has a magnitude of K = 17.6-17.9, which corresponds to a luminosity of ~ 3-6
L*. Morphologically, the galaxy is fit with a model with an effective radius,
enclosing half the total light, of R_e = 4 kpc and a bulge-to-total ratio of
0.4-1.0, indicating a substantial bulge stellar population. Based on the
mass-metallicity relation of nearby galaxies, the absorber galaxy appears to
have a stellar mass > 10^{11} M_sun. Given the small impact parameter, this
massive galaxy appears to be responsible for the metal-rich sub-DLA. The
absorber galaxy is consistent with the metallicity-luminosity relation observed
for nearby galaxies, but is near the upper end of metallicity. Our study marks
the first application of LGSAO for study of structure of galaxies producing
distant quasar absorbers. Finally, this study offers the first example of a
massive galaxy with a substantial bulge producing a metal-rich absorber.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; Accepted for publication in The
Astronomical Journa
NICI: combining coronagraphy, ADI, and SDI
The Near-Infrared Coronagraphic Imager (NICI) is a high-contrast AO imager at
the Gemini South telescope. The camera includes a coronagraphic mask and dual
channel imaging for Spectral Differential Imaging (SDI). The instrument can
also be used in a fixed Cassegrain Rotator mode for Angular Differential
Imaging (ADI). While coronagraphy, SDI, and ADI have been applied before in
direct imaging searches for exoplanets. NICI represents the first time that
these 3 techniques can be combined. We present preliminary NICI commissioning
data using these techniques and show that combining SDI and ADI results in
significant gains.Comment: Proc. SPIE, Vol. 7014, 70141Z (2008
Smartphone screens as astrometric calibrators
Geometric optical distortion is a significant contributor to the astrometric
error budget in large telescopes using adaptive optics. To increase astrometric
precision, optical distortion calibration is necessary. We investigate using
smartphone OLED screens as astrometric calibrators. Smartphones are low cost,
have stable illumination, and can be quickly reconfigured to probe different
spatial frequencies of an optical system's geometric distortion. In this work,
we characterize the astrometric accuracy of a Samsung S20 smartphone, with a
view towards providing large format, flexible astrometric calibrators for the
next generation of astronomical instruments. We find the placement error of the
pixels to be 189 nm +/- 15 nm RMS. At this level of error, milliarcsecond
astrometric accuracy can be obtained on modern astronomical instruments.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures; accepted, Journal of Astronomical
Instrumentatio
Geometric distortion calibration with photolithographic pinhole masks for high-precision astrometry
Adaptive optics (AO) systems deliver high-resolution images that may be ideal for precisely measuring positions of stars (i.e., astrometry) if the system has stable and well-calibrated geometric optical distortions. A calibration unit equipped with a back-illuminated pinhole mask can be utilized to measure instrumental optical distortions. AO systems on the largest ground-based telescopes, such as the W. M. Keck Observatory and the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), require pinhole positions known to be ∼20  nm to achieve an astrometric precision of 0.001 of a resolution element. In pursuit of that goal, we characterize a photolithographic pinhole mask and explore the systematic errors that result from different experimental setups. We characterized the nonlinear geometric distortion of a simple imaging system using the mask, and we measured 857-nm root mean square of optical distortion with a final residual of 39 nm (equivalent to 20  μ for TMT). We use a sixth-order bivariate Legendre polynomial to model the optical distortion and allow the reference positions of the individual pinholes to vary. The nonlinear deviations in the pinhole pattern with respect to the manufacturing design of a square pattern are 47.2 nm ± 4.5 nm (random) ± 10.8 nm (systematic) over an area of 1788  mm². These deviations reflect the additional error induced when assuming that the pinhole mask is manufactured perfectly square. We also find that ordered mask distortions are significantly more difficult to characterize than random mask distortions as the ordered distortions can alias into optical camera distortion. Future design simulations for astrometric calibration units should include ordered mask distortions. We conclude that photolithographic pinhole masks are >10 times better than the pinhole masks deployed in first-generation AO systems and are sufficient to meet the distortion calibration requirements for the upcoming 30-m-class telescopes
The Solar Neighborhood XXVII: Discovery of New Proper Motion Stars with mu > 0.18 "/yr in the Southern Sky with 16.5 > R_59F > 18.0
Here we present 1584 new southern proper motion systems with mu > 0.18 "/yr
and 16.5 > R_59F > 18.0. This search complements the six previous
SuperCOSMOS-RECONS (SCR) proper motion searches of the southern sky for stars
within the same proper motion range, but with R_59F < 16.5. As in previous
papers, we present distance estimates for these systems and find that three
systems are estimated to be within 25 pc, including one, SCR 1546-5534,
possibly within the RECONS 10 pc horizon at 6.7 pc, making it the second
nearest discovery of the searches. We find 97 white dwarf candidates with
distance estimates between 10 and 120 pc, as well as 557 cool subdwarf
candidates. The subdwarfs found in this paper make up nearly half of the
subdwarf systems reported from our SCR searches, and are significantly redder
than those discovered thus far. The SCR searches have now found 155 red dwarfs
estimated to be within 25 pc, including 10 within 10 pc. In addition, 143 white
dwarf candidates and 1155 cool subdwarf candidates have been discovered. The
1584 systems reported here augment the sample of 4724 systems previously
discovered in our SCR searches, and imply that additional systems fainter than
R_59F = 18.0 are yet to be discovered.Comment: 11 pages of text, seven figure
MIRAO: a mid-IR adaptive optics system design for TMT
We present a design of a thermal-infrared optimized adaptive optics system for the TMT 30-meter telescope. The approach makes use of an adaptive secondary but during an initial implementation contains a more conventional ambient-temperature optical relay and deformable mirror. The conventional optical relay is used without sacrificing the thermal background by using multiple off-axis laser guide stars to avoid a warm dichroic in the common path. Three laser guide stars, equally spaced 75" off axis, and a "conventional" 30×30 deformable mirror provide a Strehl > 0.9 at wavelengths longer than 10 microns and the LGS beams can be passed to the LGS wavefront sensors with pickoff mirrors while a one-arcminute field is passed unvignetted to the science instrument and NGS WFSs. The overall design is relatively simple with a wavefront correction similar to existing high-order systems (e.g. 30×30) but still provides competitive performance over the higher-order TMT NIR AO design at wavelengths as short as 3 microns due to its reduced thermal emissivity. We present our figures of merit and design considerations within the context of the science drivers for high-spectral resolution NIR/MIR spectroscopy at 5-28 microns on a 30-meter ground-based telescope
Constitutive Gs activation using a single-construct tetracycline-inducible expression system in embryonic stem cells and mice
Abstract Introduction The controlled expression of many genes, including G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), is important for delineating gene functions in complex model systems. Binary systems for inducible regulation of transgene expression are widely used in mice. One system is the tTA/TRE expression system, composed of a tetracycline-dependent DNA binding factor and a separate tetracycline operon. However, the requirement for two separate transgenes (one for each tTA or TRE component) makes this system less amenable to models requiring directed cell targeting, increases the risk of multiple transgene integration sites, and requires extensive screening for appropriately-functioning clones. Methods We developed a single, polycistronic tetracycline-inducible expression platform to control the expression of multiple cistrons in mammalian cells. This platform has three basic constructs: regulator, responder, and destination vectors. The modular platform is compatible with both the TetOff (tTA) and TetOn (rtTA) systems. The modular Gateway recombineering-compatible components facilitate rapidly generating vectors to genetically modify mammalian cells. We apply this system to use the elongation factor 1α (EF1α) promoter to drive doxycycline-regulated expression of both the fluorescent marker mCherry and an engineered Gs-coupled GPCR "Rs1" separated by a 2A ribosomal skip site. Results We show that our combined expression construct drives expression of both the mCherry and Rs1 transgenes in a doxycycline-dependent manner. We successfully target the expression construct into the Rosa26 locus of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Rs1 expression in mouse ES cells increases cAMP accumulation via both basal and ligand-induced Gs mechanisms and is associated with increased embryoid body size. Heterozygous mice carrying the Rs1 expression construct showed normal growth and weight, and developed small increases in bone formation that could be observed in the calvaria. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a single-vector strategy that combines both the tTA and TRE tetracycline-regulated components for use in cells and mouse models. Although the EF1α promoter is useful for driving expression in pluripotent cells, a single copy of the EF1α promoter did not drive high levels of mCherry and Rs1 expression in the differentiated tissues of adult mice. These findings indicate that promoter selection is an important factor when developing transgene expression models
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