The relationship of intergenerational family conflict, racism-related stress, and psychological well-being and the role of collective self-esteem among Asian American college students

Counseling psychologists have long considered person-environment interactions (Gelso & Fretz, 2002). Bronfrenbrenner (1979) proposed an ecological model that broadened psychologists understanding of the multiple ecological contexts on development. The present study examined the role of two main ecological challenges: intergenerational family conflict and racism-related stress on the psychological well-being of Asian American college students (n = 131) attending a large mid-Atlantic university. The findings of this present study support that these two ecological challenges are important to consider in conceptualization of the self-esteem problems, career problems, and interpersonal problems of Asian Americans. Significant relationships between these two ecological challenges and depression or anxiety were not found. Results suggest that racism-related stress contributes additional strain to Asian Americans career problems and self-esteem problems beyond that of culturally-based intergenerational family conflict. A moderation hypothesis also was tested in this study. Collective self-esteem was not found to moderate the relationship between the ecological challenges and psychological well-being. Suggestions for research and practice as well as limitations were presented

The Lyman-continuum-leaking super star cluster in the Sunburst Arc and its surrounding nebula

Strong lensing offers a precious opportunity for studying the formation and early evolution of super star clusters that are rare in our cosmic backyard. The Sunburst Arc, a lensed Cosmic Noon galaxy, hosts a young super star cluster with escaping Lyman continuum radiation. Analyzing archival HST images and emission line data from VLT/MUSE and X-shooter, we construct a physical model for the cluster and its surrounding photoionized nebula. We confirm that the cluster is \sim 3\mbox{--}4\,Myr old, is extremely massive $M_\star \sim 10^7\,M_\odot$ and yet has a central component as compact as several parsecs, and we find a metallicity $Z=(0.26\pm0.03)\,Z_\odot$. The cluster is surrounded by $\gtrsim 10^5\,M_\odot$ of dense clouds that have been pressurized to $P\sim 10^9\,{\rm K}\,{\rm cm}^{-3}$ by perhaps stellar radiation at within ten parsecs. These should have large neutral columns $N_{\rm HI} > 10^{22.5}\,{\rm cm}^{-2}$ to survive rapid ejection by radiation pressure. The clouds are likely dusty as they show gas-phase depletion of silicon, and may be conducive to secondary star formation if $N_{\rm HI} > 10^{24}\,{\rm cm}^{-2}$ or if they sink further toward the cluster center. Detecting strong ${\rm N III]}\lambda\lambda$1750,1752, we infer heavy nitrogen enrichment $\log({\rm N/O})=-0.23^{+0.08}_{-0.11}$. This requires efficiently retaining $\gtrsim 500\,M_\odot$ of nitrogen in the high-pressure clouds from massive stars heavier than $60\,M_\odot$ up to 4 Myr. We suggest a physical origin of the high-pressure clouds from partial or complete condensation of slow massive star ejecta, which may have important implication for the puzzle of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters.Comment: 25 pages, 10 figure

Ternary hypervalent silicon hydrides via lithium at high pressure

Hydrogen is rarely observed as ligand in hypervalent species, however, we find that high-pressure hydrogenation may stabilise hypervalent hydrogen-rich materials. Focussing on ternary silicon hydrides via lithium doping, we find anions composed of hypervalent silicon with H ligands formed under high pressure. Our results reveal two new hypervalent anions: layered-SiH−5 and tricapped triangular prismatic SiH2−. These differ from octahedral SiH2− described in earlier studies. In addition, there are further hydrogen-rich structures, Li3SiH10 and Li2SiH6+δ, which may be stabilised at high pressure. Our work provides pointers to future investigations on hydrogen rich materials

Building a fault-tolerant quantum computer using concatenated cat codes

We present a comprehensive architectural analysis for a fault-tolerant quantum computer based on cat codes concatenated with outer quantum error-correcting codes. For the physical hardware, we propose a system of acoustic resonators coupled to superconducting circuits with a two-dimensional layout. Using estimated near-term physical parameters for electro-acoustic systems, we perform a detailed error analysis of measurements and gates, including CNOT and Toffoli gates. Having built a realistic noise model, we numerically simulate quantum error correction when the outer code is either a repetition code or a thin rectangular surface code. Our next step toward universal fault-tolerant quantum computation is a protocol for fault-tolerant Toffoli magic state preparation that significantly improves upon the fidelity of physical Toffoli gates at very low qubit cost. To achieve even lower overheads, we devise a new magic-state distillation protocol for Toffoli states. Combining these results together, we obtain realistic full-resource estimates of the physical error rates and overheads needed to run useful fault-tolerant quantum algorithms. We find that with around 1,000 superconducting circuit components, one could construct a fault-tolerant quantum computer that can run circuits which are intractable for classical supercomputers. Hardware with 32,000 superconducting circuit components, in turn, could simulate the Hubbard model in a regime beyond the reach of classical computing

Atomistic origins of high-performance in hybrid halide perovskite solar cells

The performance of organometallic perovskite solar cells has rapidly surpassed that of both conventional dye-sensitised and organic photovoltaics. High power conversion efficiency can be realised in both mesoporous and thin-film device architectures. We address the origin of this success in the context of the materials chemistry and physics of the bulk perovskite as described by electronic structure calculations. In addition to the basic optoelectronic properties essential for an efficient photovoltaic device (spectrally suitable band gap, high optical absorption, low carrier effective masses), the materials are structurally and compositionally flexible. As we show, hybrid perovskites exhibit spontaneous electric polarisation; we also suggest ways in which this can be tuned through judicious choice of the organic cation. The presence of ferroelectric domains will result in internal junctions that may aid separation of photoexcited electron and hole pairs, and reduction of recombination through segregation of charge carriers. The combination of high dielectric constant and low effective mass promotes both Wannier-Mott exciton separation and effective ionisation of donor and acceptor defects. The photoferroic effect could be exploited in nanostructured films to generate a higher open circuit voltage and may contribute to the current-voltage hysteresis observed in perovskite solar cells.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

[CII]\rm [C_{II}] 158 μm\rm \mu m emission as an indicator of galaxy star formation rate

Observations of local star-forming galaxies (SFGs) show a tight correlation between their singly ionized carbon line luminosity ($L_{\rm [C_{II}]}$) and star formation rate (SFR), suggesting that $L_{\rm [C_{II}]}$ may be a useful SFR tracer for galaxies. Some other galaxy populations, however, are found to have lower $L_{\rm [C_{II}]}{}/{}\rm SFR$ than the local SFGs, including the infrared-luminous, starburst galaxies at low and high redshifts, as well as some moderately star-forming galaxies at the epoch of re-ionization (EoR). The origin of this `$\rm [C_{II}]$ deficit' is unclear. In this work, we study the $L_{\rm [C_{II}]}$-SFR relation of galaxies using a sample of $z=0-8$ galaxies with $M_*\approx10^7-5\times10^{11}\,M_\odot$ extracted from cosmological volume and zoom-in simulations from the Feedback in Realistic Environments (FIRE) project. We find a simple analytic expression for $L_{\rm [C_{II}]}$/SFR of galaxies in terms of the following parameters: mass fraction of $\rm [C_{II}]$-emitting gas ($f_{\rm [C_{II}]}$), gas metallicity ($Z_{\rm gas}$), gas density ($n_{\rm gas}$) and gas depletion time ($t_{\rm dep}{}={}M_{\rm gas}{}/{}\rm SFR$). We find two distinct physical regimes, where $t_{\rm dep}$ ($Z_{\rm gas}$) is the main driver of the $\rm [C_{II}]$ deficit in $\rm H_2$-rich ($\rm H_2$-poor) galaxies. The observed $\rm [C_{II}]$ deficit of IR-luminous galaxies and early EoR galaxies, corresponding to the two different regimes, is due to short gas depletion time and low gas metallicity, respectively. Our result indicates that $\rm [C_{II}]$ deficit is a common phenomenon of galaxies, and caution needs to be taken when applying a constant $L_{\rm [C_{II}]}$-to-SFR conversion factor derived from local SFGs to estimate cosmic SFR density at high redshifts and interpret data from upcoming $\rm [C_{II}]$ line intensity mapping experiments.Comment: 44 page, 24 figures, 8 tables and 8 appendices, accepted for publication in MNRAS. Key figures: fig. 16 & 17. Comments are welcom

An essential function for the ATR-Activation-Domain (AAD) of TopBP1 in mouse development and cellular senescence

ATR activation is dependent on temporal and spatial interactions with partner proteins. In the budding yeast model, three proteins – Dpb11TopBP1, Ddc1Rad9 and Dna2 - all interact with and activate Mec1ATR. Each contains an ATR activation domain (ADD) that interacts directly with the Mec1ATR:Ddc2ATRIP complex. Any of the Dpb11TopBP1, Ddc1Rad9 or Dna2 ADDs is sufficient to activate Mec1ATR in vitro. All three can also independently activate Mec1ATR in vivo: the checkpoint is lost only when all three AADs are absent. In metazoans, only TopBP1 has been identified as a direct ATR activator. Depletion-replacement approaches suggest the TopBP1-AAD is both sufficient and necessary for ATR activation. The physiological function of the TopBP1 AAD is, however, unknown. We created a knock-in point mutation (W1147R) that ablates mouse TopBP1-AAD function. TopBP1-W1147R is early embryonic lethal. To analyse TopBP1-W1147R cellular function in vivo, we silenced the wild type TopBP1 allele in heterozygous MEFs. AAD inactivation impaired cell proliferation, promoted premature senescence and compromised Chk1 signalling following UV irradiation. We also show enforced TopBP1 dimerization promotes ATR-dependent Chk1 phosphorylation. Our data suggest that, unlike the yeast models, the TopBP1-AAD is the major activator of ATR, sustaining cell proliferation and embryonic development