The WalkUP Wake-Up Call: Boston

In the Boston metropolitan area, walkable urbanism adds value. On average, all of the product types studied, including office, retail, hotel, rental apartments, and for-sale housing, have higher values per square foot in walkable urban places than in low-density drivable locations. These price premiums of 20 to 134 percent per square foot are strong indicators of pent-up demand for walkable urbanism.Previous research has demonstrated the correlation between walkable urban places and both the education of the metropolitan work force and the GDP per capita. The current research confirms this finding: for example, since 2000, 70 percent of the population growth of young, educated workers has occurred in the walkable urban places of the Boston region. Public transit, especially rail transit, activates walkable urbanism's potential for adding real estate value, and as this report demonstrates, that potential is ample. Therefore, policymakers must weigh the costs of funding transit against its power to increase tax revenues. With the right value capture tools in place, the increased valuethat transit supports could be used to fund at least a portion of the system's maintenance and future expansion.We should also be concerned that, given the flow of capital into walkable urban places and the price premiums, the affordability of these places may be diminished. The resulting increased displacement of low-income residents to less accessible suburban locations would likely have substantial negative impacts on social equity, the environment and opportunity. As a result, it is critical to establish policies that will preserve existing affordable housing in walkable urban places and leverage private sector investments to enhance opportunities for disadvantaged families to live in high opportunity/high accessibility places. However, the ultimate solution to high housing and commercial costs is more walkable urban inventory, which will occupy less than 10 percent of the metro area's landmass. This new inventory will eventually drive down land costs, the primary reason for the price premiums

The History, Methods and Effectiveness of Business, Labor, Farm and Citizen Interest Groups in the Legislative Process at the Federal Level

Trying to measure the effectiveness of an interest group is a difficult task. What is meant by effectiveness in this context is the ability to apply leverage in such a way so as to get a legislator to vote according to the groujfa interests. However, since the only record of the Congressman’s decision is his vote, it is impossible to determine whether the interest was effective. More broadly speaking, there is no way of telling from a vote of 51-49 in-the Senate whether the vote would have been 51-49 if the interest groups were somehow barred from influencing legislators. And even if it were possible to determine, that interest groups were \ud Effective, there would be no clue about just how effective, i.e., an actual measure for comparison. From this it can be concluded that the effectiveness of interest, groups cannot be measured from the percentage of times the group backed the winning issues, as lobbyists are inclined to do when reporting to their employee. An alternative method must be employed

The Option Of Urbanism: Investing In A New American Dream

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/2212/thumbnail.jp