Jumlah Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus Dan Skor California Mastitis Test (CMT) Pada Susu Kambing Peranakan Etawa Akibat Dipping Ekstrak Daun Babadotan (Ageratum Conyzoides L.)

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of teat dipping of Ettawa crossbred goat using babadotan leaves (Ageratum conyzoides Linn.) extract on the number of Staphylococcus aureusin milk. The udder inflammation degree also was determined using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The treatments were post milking teat dipping using antiseptic solutions containing 1%, 3%, and 5% of babadotan leaves extract (T1, T2 and T3, respectively). Milk samples were collected at before treatment (H0) and on the day 3, 6 and 9 day of the treatments (H3, H6 and H9, respectively). Commercially antiseptic povidone iodine was used as positive control (K+). Experimental research design was completely randomized design (CRD) split plot types, with the different extract concentration as the main plot and the day of treatment as subplot. CMT scores was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test. The results showed that babadotan leaves extract 5% had the same effectiveness (p>0,05) with povidone iodine to reduce the number of Staphylococcus aureusin milk. All extract concentrations (1%, 3% and 5%) had the same effectiveness (H>c0,05(3)) to decrease the CMT scores by postmilking teat dip treatments for 9 days

Expression of an <i>S</i>. Typhimurium <i>sipC</i>::<i>lacZ</i> fusion in parental, Δ<i>relA</i>Δ<i>spoT</i> (ppGpp⁰), Δ<i>dksA</i> and Δ<i>rpoS</i> backgrounds during growth in aerobic LB batch cultures.

<p>Data is from 3 biological replicate experiments.</p

Effect of loss of ppGpp, Rpos and/or DksA on SPI1 and SPI2 expression at late-log phase (LLP), early stationary phase (ESP), mid-stationary phase (MSP) and late stationary phase (LSP).

<p>(A, E) SPI1 and SPI2 transcript levels in parent strain (SL1344); 1, 2, and 3 indicate biological replicate cultures. (B, F) SPI1 and SPI2 transcript levels in Δ<i>relA</i>Δ<i>spoT</i> (P) and Δ<i>rpoS</i> (R) strains; transcript levels are normalised to parental (WT) SPI1 transcript levels. (C, G) SPI1 and SPI2 transcript levels in a Δ<i>dksA</i> (D) strain normalised to parent (WT) strain. (D, H) Late stationary phase SPI1 and SPI2 transcript levels in Δ<i>relA</i>Δ<i>spoT</i> (P), Δ<i>rpoS</i> (R), and Δ<i>relA</i>Δ<i>spoT</i>Δ<i>rpoS</i> (RP) and Δ<i>relA</i>Δ<i>spoT</i>Δ<i>dksA</i> (DP) strains normalised to transcript levels in the SL1344 parent strain. Data from which the figure was compiled and statistical analysis is shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127523#pone.0127523.s002" target="_blank">S2 Fig</a> and also deposited at Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), superseries accession number GSE63715.</p

ChIP-chip profiles of RNAP distribution at the (A) SPI1 and (B) SPI2 loci in parental and Δ<i>dksA</i> and Δ<i>relA</i>Δ<i>spoT</i> strains at ESP and LSP viewed on the integrated genome browser (IGB) [65].

<p>Resolution of each peak is 100 nt.</p

Strains and plasmids used in this study.

<p>Strains and plasmids used in this study.</p

Glycolysis is important but not essential for the invasion and intracellular replication of HeLa cells with <i>S</i>. Typhimurium.

<p>(A) Invasion assay of <i>S</i>. Typhimurium 4/74 parental and Δ<i>pfkAB</i> (JH3486) strains in HeLa cells (B). Intracellular replication assays of <i>S</i>. Typhimurium 4/74 parental and Δ<i>pfkAB</i> (JH3486) strains during infection of HeLa cells. The chart shows the percentage replication of bacteria between 2 h and 6 h. (C) Complementation of invasion of the <i>S</i>. Typhimurium Δ<i>pfkAB</i> strain in HeLa cells. (D) Complementation of intracellular replication of the <i>S</i>. Typhimurium Δ<i>pfkAB</i> strain in HeLa cells. Each bar represents the statistical mean from three biological replicates and the error bars represent the standard deviation. (The significant differences between the parental 4/74 strain (A, B), or the 4/74 (pWKS30) strain (C, D) and the mutant strains are shown by asterisks, *<i>p</i><0.05. **<i>p</i><0.01, and ***<i>p</i><0.001).</p

Hierarchical clustering of 53 <i>S</i>. Typhimurium PTS genes expressed during infection of HeLa cells.

<p>The filtered data was clustered according to similarity of expression level using the standard correlation tool in GeneSpring GX7.3^™ (Agilent). Each gene is colour-coded according to the level of expression (i.e. signal ratio of cDNA versus genomic DNA). Highly expressed genes are shown in red and weakly expressed genes are dark blue. The clustering map was compiled from microarray data deposited at ArrayExpress (accession number E-MEXP-1368) and described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096266#pone.0096266-Hautefort1" target="_blank">[16]</a>.</p

<i>S</i>. Typhimurium does not require the glyoxylate shunt or gluconeogenesis for intracellular replication within HeLa cells.

<p>Invasion (A) and intracellular replication (B) of <i>S</i>. Typhimurium 4/74, Δ<i>aceA</i> (JH3385), and Δ<i>pps</i>Δ<i>pckA</i> (JH3487) strains during infection of HeLa cells. (A) The chart shows the numbers of viable bacteria (expressed as percentages of the initial inoculum) within host cells at 2 h after infection. (B) The chart shows the percentage replication of bacteria between 2 h and 6 h. Each bar represents the statistical mean from two biological replicates (performed in triplicate) and the error bars represent the standard deviation.</p