Paracetamol: Update on its Analgesic Mechanism of Action

Paracetamol is the most widely used over-the-counter medication in the world. The mechanism of action of its analgesic effect was often considered as based on the mobilization of the cyclooxygenases and more recently on serotonergic pathways. A new metabolic pathway involving the generation of an active metabolite, AM404 (N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenamide), in the brain by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme, was recently identified. This chapter describes experimental data that have shown the involvement of this metabolic pathway in the analgesic action of paracetamol and its relationship with the cyclooxygenase and serotonergic systems. It also explains how new targets and systems, such as the cannabinoid and vanilloid systems and the calcium channel receptor Cav3.2, play a role in the action of paracetamol. Finally, it suggests how research on the mechanism of the clinically relevant effects of this long-established analgesic could lead to new therapeutic pain strategies

Morphological distinction between sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus) using the petrosal bone: application on French protohistoric sites

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Interspecific variation in the limb long bones among modern rhinoceroses—extent and drivers

International audienceAmong amniotes, numerous lineages are subject to an evolutionary trend toward body mass and size increases. Large terrestrial species may face important constraints linked to weight bearing, and the limb segments are particularly affected by such constraints due to their role in body support and locomotion. Such groups showing important limb modifications related to high body mass have been called "graviportal." Often considered graviportal, rhinoceroses are among the heaviest terrestrial mammals and are thus of particular interest to understand the limb modifications related to body mass and size increase. Here, we present a morphofunctional study of the shape variation of the limb long bones among the five living rhinos to understand how the shape may vary between these species in relation with body size, body mass and phylogeny. We used three dimensional geometric morphometrics and comparative analyses to quantify the shape variation. Our results indicate that the five species display important morphological differences depending on the considered bones. The humerus and the femur exhibit noticeable interspecific differences between African and Asiatic rhinos, associated with a significant effect of body mass. The radius and ulna are more strongly correlated with body mass. While the tibia exhibits shape variation both linked with phylogeny and body mass, the fibula displays the greatest intraspecific variation. We highlight three distinct morphotypes of bone shape, which appear in accordance with the phylogeny. The influence of body mass also appears unequally expressed on the different bones. Body mass increase among the five extant species is marked by an increase of the general robustness, more pronounced attachments for muscles and a development of medial parts of the bones. Our study underlines that the morphological features linked to body mass increase are not similar between rhinos and other heavy mammals such as elephants and hippos, suggesting that the weight bearing constraint can lead to different morphological responses

Ensemble forecast of solar radiation using TIGGE weather forecasts and HelioClim database

International audienceMedium-range forecasts (one day to two weeks) of solar radiation are commonly assessed with a single forecast at a given location. In this paper, we forecast maps of surface solar irradiance, using ensembles of forecasts from the THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) with a 6-h timestep. We compare our forecasts with observations derived from MeteoSat Second Generation (MSG) and provided by the HelioClim-3 database as gridded observations over metropolitan France. First, we study the ensembles from six meteorological centers. Second, we use sequential aggregation to linearly combine all the forecasts with weights that vary in space and time. Sequential aggregation updates the weights before any forecast, using available observations. We use the global numerical weather prediction from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) as a reference forecast. The issue of spatial resolution is discussed because the low resolution forecasts from TIGGE are compared to high resolution irradiance estimated from MSG data. We found that the TIGGE ensembles are under-dispersed but rather different from one to another. Aggregation decreases the forecast error by 20%, and produces a more realistic spatial pattern of predicted irradiance

Éléments de distinction des portions pétreuses de temporal d'Ovis aries et de Capra hircus ; applications des caractères à la distinction de quelques autres Caprinae (Capra ibex, Rupicapra rupicapra)

25 fig., 9 tab.International audienceDistinctive features of Ovis aries and Capra hircus petrosal part of temporal bone: application of the features to the distinction of other caprinae (Capra ibex, Rupicapra rupicapra). In this paper, the authors highlight the morphometric features allowing the distinction between the petrous part of the temporal bone of some Caprinae, with a particular consideration of sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus), in association with some specific features of ibex (Capra ibex) and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). The authors also consider the implication of the study of petrous bones for these particular taxa in zooarchaeological and palaeontological analysis, especially for post-pleistocene faunal assemblages: identification of domesticated and wild forms, domestication geographic areas, chronological extension of the domestication process; death age estimation for curves of mortality...Dans cet article, les auteurs mettent en évidence les caractères morphométriques permettant de distinguer les portions pétreuses de temporal de différents Caprinae, en insistant sur le Mouton (Ovis aries) et la Chèvre (Capra hircus), et en complétant avec quelques caractères propres au Bouquetin (Capra ibex) et au Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Sont abordées également les implications de l'étude des portions pétreuses de ces taxons dans les analyses archéozoologiques et paléontologiques des ensembles fauniques post-pléistocènes : problèmes liés aux formes domestiquées et reconnaissance des races domestiques, bassins de domestication, chronologie de l'expansion de ce processus ; estimation de l'âge au décès pour la constitution des courbes de mortalité..

Distinctive features of Ovis aries and Capra hircus petrosal parts of temporal bone: Applications of the features to the distinction of some other Caprinae (Capra ibex, Rupicapra rupicapra)

Dans cet article, les auteurs mettent en évidence les caractères morphométriques permettant de distinguer les portions pétreuses de temporal de différents Caprinae, en insistant sur le Mouton (Ovis aries) et la Chèvre (Capra hircus), et en complétant avec quelques caractères propres au Bouquetin (Capra ibex) et au Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Sont abordées également les implications de l’étude des portions pétreuses de ces taxons dans les analyses archéozoologiques et paléontologiques des ensembles fauniques post-pléistocènes : problèmes liés aux formes domestiquées et reconnaissance des races domestiques, bassins de domestication, chronologie de l’expansion de ce processus ; estimation de l’âge au décès pour la constitution des courbes de mortalité…In this paper, the authors highlight the morphometric features allowing the distinction between the petrous part of the temporal bone of some Caprinae, with a particular consideration of sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus), in association with some specific features of ibex (Capra ibex) and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). The authors also consider the implication of the study of petrous bones for these particular taxa in zooarchaeological and palaeontological analysis, especially for post-pleistocene faunal assemblages : identification of domesticated and wild forms, domestication geographic areas, chronological extension of the domestication process ; death age estimation for curves of mortality

Quelques traits morphologiques permettant de reconnaître les portions pétreuses de temporal de certains artiodactyles fréquents dans le Pléistocène européen (Cervidae, Caprinae, Antilopinae, Suidae) lorsqu’ils sont de taille similaire

L’étude morphologique de la portion pétreuse de temporal permet de déterminer de manière sûre les différents taxons mêmes ceux qui sont difficilement identifiables à l’aide d’autres os. Nous nous proposons ici de livrer quelques clés morphologiques de détermination propres à identifier les rochers de trois Bovidae – le bouquetin de Alpes (Capra ibex), le chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) et le tahr (Hemitragus sp.) et à les distinguer d’autres taxons de taille semblable.The morphological study of the petrous bone makes it possible to determine safely the different taxa, even those which are difficult to identify using other bones. We propose here to give some morphological keys of determination to identify the Ibex (Capra ibex), Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and Tahr (Hemitragus sp.) petrous bone and to distinguish them from other taxa of similar size

Impact of Leptospermone, a Natural β-Triketone Herbicide, on the Fungal Composition and Diversity of Two Arable Soils

Impact of leptospermone, a β-triketone bioherbicide, was investigated on the fungal community which supports important soil ecological functions such as decomposition of organic matter and nutrients recycling. This study was done in a microcosm experiment using two French soils, Perpignan (P) and Saint-Jean-de-Fos (SJF), differing in their physicochemical properties and history treatment with synthetic β-triketones. Soil microcosms were treated with leptospermone at recommended dose and incubated under controlled conditions for 45 days. Untreated microcosms were used as control. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of the fungal rRNA revealed significant changes in fungal community structure and diversity in both soils. Xylariales, Hypocreales, Pleosporales and Capnodiales (Ascomycota phyla) fungi and those belonging to Sebacinales, Cantharellales, Agaricales, Polyporales, Filobasidiales and Tremellales orders (Basidiomycota phyla) were well represented in treated soil microcosms compared to control. Nevertheless, while for the treated SJF a complete recovery of the fungal community was observed at the end of the experiment, this was not the case for the P treated soil, although no more bioherbicide remained. Indeed, the relative abundance of most of the saprophytic fungi were lower in treated soil compared to control microcosms whereas fungi from parasitic fungi included in Spizellomycetales and Pezizales orders increased. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only study assessing the effect of the bioherbicide leptospermone on the composition and diversity of the fungal community in soil. This study showed that leptospermone has an impact on α- and β-diversity of the fungal community. It underlines the possible interest of microbial endpoints for environmental risk assessment of biopesticide

Joint 3D estimation of vehicles and scene flow

driving. While much progress has been made in recent years, imaging conditions in natural outdoor environments are still very challenging for current reconstruction and recognition methods. In this paper, we propose a novel unified approach which reasons jointly about 3D scene flow as well as the pose, shape and motion of vehicles in the scene. Towards this goal, we incorporate a deformable CAD model into a slanted-plane conditional random field for scene flow estimation and enforce shape consistency between the rendered 3D models and the parameters of all superpixels in the image. The association of superpixels to objects is established by an index variable which implicitly enables model selection. We evaluate our approach on the challenging KITTI scene flow dataset in terms of object and scene flow estimation. Our results provide a prove of concept and demonstrate the usefulness of our method. © 2015 Copernicus GmbH. All Rights Reserved

MASCIPO – Centre d’études nord-américaines (CENA)

Christophe Apprill, chercheur associé au Centre Norbert-EliasSara Le Menestrel, chargée de recherche au CNRSKali Argyriadis, Julien Mallet, Nicolas Puig, chargés de recherche à l’IRDGuillaume Samson, chargé de mission au Pôle régional des musiques actuelles de La RéunionGabriel Segré, maître de conférences à l’Université Paris-Ouest/Nanterre La Défense Parcours croisés en anthropologie de la musique et de la danse Ce séminaire a porté sur les rapports de domination et les logiques de circulat..