Special Care and School Difficulties in 8-Year-Old Very Preterm Children: The Epipage Cohort Study

OBJECTIVES: To investigate school difficulties, special care and behavioral problems in 8 year-old very preterm (VPT) children. PATIENT AND METHODS: Longitudinal population-based cohort in nine regions of France of VPT children and a reference group born at 39-40 weeks of gestation (WG). The main outcome measures were information about school, special care and behavioral problems using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire from a questionnaire to parents. RESULTS: Among the 1439 VPT children, 5% (75/1439) were in a specialised school or class, 18% (259/1439) had repeated a grade in a mainstream class and 77% (1105/1439) were in the appropriate grade-level in mainstream class; these figures were 1% (3/327) , 5% (16/327) and 94% (308/327) , respectively, for the reference group. Also, 15% (221/1435) of VPT children in a mainstream class received support at school versus 5% (16/326) of reference group. More VPT children between the ages of five and eight years received special care (55% (794/1436)) than children born at term (38% (124/325)); more VPT children (21% (292/1387)) had behavioral difficulties than the reference group (11% (35/319)). School difficulties, support at school, special care and behavioral difficulties in VPT children without neuromotor or sensory deficits varied with gestational age, socioeconomic status, and cognitive score at the age of five. CONCLUSIONS: Most 8-year-old VPT children are in mainstream schools. However, they have a high risk of difficulty in school, with more than half requiring additional support at school and/or special care. Referral to special services has increased between the ages of 5 and 8 years, but remained insufficient for those with borderline cognitive scores

Earthquakes, The hows and whys. Focus on The February 23, 1887 Ligurian earthquake

Education and training are two ingredients that allow citizens to learn scientific information otherwise confined within laboratories, in particular in the field of environmental risk. It is in this perspective that the O3E (French acronym for European Observatory for Education and Environment) project was born. The O3E project is the follow up of a 10 year long testing phase (1997-2007) during which several national projects ("Sismos a I'Ecole", "EDURISK" and "climAtscope") were born. The overall objective of the O3E program is to network educational institutions, which are equipped with educational instruments and sensors to measure environmental parameters, across regions of the Latin Alps. Data on ground motion (seismometers), temperatures and rainfall (weather stations), on water resources (hydrogeology) recorded in schools are collected on dedicated servers, which are then made available to the educational community through the Internet. The so-structured O3E network becomes the starting point for many geosciences teaching and educational activities to natural hazards in order to: - promote experimental sciences and new technologies - network the actors involved in education and training - develope the sense of autonomy and responsibility in young people - strenghten and develope relations with regional partners in the field of education and academia - foster rational awareness of the problems related to the geological heritage and to the prevention of natural hazards, that is what can make the difference, in terms of safety, when an event occurs. Taking into account the guidelines of the program (which gives a large space to communication technologies), its educational dimension (awareness of environmental risks), its scientific content (geosciences), and its importance on a regional and even international scale (networking of schools), initiatives are started up by schools in close cooperation with the university and research community. As it is the case of this pamphlet dealing with an earthquake, which is emblematic for the regions involved in the O3E project: the Imperia -Menton earthquake occurred on February 23,1887. The data collected here (archives, seismograms, recent oceanographic studies ... ) will enable students and their teachers to deal with a case study.CG 06, Région PACA, DIREN PACA, Sciences à l'Ecole; Alcotra, EUPublished5.9. Formazione e informazioneope

Speciale: Il terremoto ligure del 23 Febbraio del 1887

L'educazione e la formazione sono due ingredienti che consentono ai cittadini di apprendere le informazioni scientifiche altrimenti confinate nei laboratori in particolare nel campo del rischio ambientale. E in questa ottica che è nato il programma O3E (acronimo in francese di Osservazione dell'Ambiente a scopo Educativo per le Scuole). II programma O3E fa seguito a un periodo di sperimentazione di 10 anni (1997-2007) in cui sono nati diversi progetti nazionali (Sismos a l'Ecole, EDURISK, climAtscope). L'obiettivo generale del programma O3E è mettere in rete istituti scolastici nelle regioni delle Alpi latine equipaggiate con sensori di parametri ambientali di tipo educativo. I dati sul movimento del suolo (sismometri), sulle temperature e la pluviometria (stazioni meteo), sulle risorse idriche (idrogeologia) registrati negli istituti scolastici sono raccolti su server dedicati poi messi a disposizione attraverso Internet alla comunità educativa. La rete O3E così strutturata, diventa il punto di partenza per varie attività di insegnamento delle geoscienze e di educazione al rischio naturale e si propone di: - promuovere le scienze sperimentali e le nuove tecnologie - mettere in rete gli attori dell'educazione e della formazione - sviluppare il senso di autonomia e la responsabilità dei giovani - rafforzare e sviluppare i legami con i partner regionali nel campo educativo e universitario - favorire una presa di coscienza razionale dei problemi legati alla prevenzione dei rischi naturali e del patrimonio geologico, ciò che può fare la differenza durante un evento in termini di sicurezza. Tenendo conto degli orientamenti del programma, che dà un grande spazio alle tecnologie di comunicazione, della sua dimensione educativa (sensibilizzazione ai rischi ambientali), del suo contenuto scientifico (geoscienze), e della sua importanza su scala regionale e persino internazionale (messa in rete di istituti scolastici), vengono avviate iniziative da parte degli istituti scolastici in stretta collaborazione con il mondo dell'Università e della Ricerca. E' il caso del presente opuscolo che tratta il caso di un terremoto emblematico per le regioni interessate da O3E: il terremoto di Imperia - Mentone del 23 febbraio 1887. I dati raccolti qui (archivi, sismogrammi, ultimi studi oceanografici. .. ) consentiranno agli studenti e ai loro insegnanti di affrontare un caso di studio.CG06, Region PACA, DIREN PACA, Sciences a l'Ecole; ALCOTRAPublished5.9. Formazione e informazioneope

Seismotectonics of southeast France: from the Jura mountains to Corsica

The analysis of the seismicity catalog (1996 to 2019) covering the region from the Jura mountains to Corsica provides a first-order image of the distribution of earthquakes, highlighting large structures such as the Briançonnais and Piedmontais seismic arcs, the eastward deepening of the focal depths through the Western Alps, several large active faults (e.g. Belledonne, Middle Durance, Ligure). Over this period the magnitudes are moderate and the focal mechanisms of the main events display a diversity of seismic behaviors that can be explained by the complexity of the different geological domains with a more or less strong structural inheritage, by variable rheological characteristics at the scale of the crust and by the joint action of different mechanisms of deformation. The distribution of the historical events is in fairly good agreement with the instrumental seismicity, but several earthquakes of $M >6$ are highlighted since the 14th century until the beginning of the 20th

Seismotectonics of southeast France: from the Jura mountains to Corsica

The analysis of the seismicity catalog (1996 to 2019) covering the region from the Jura mountains to Corsica provides a first-order image of the distribution of earthquakes, highlighting large structures such as the Briançonnais and Piedmontais seismic arcs, the eastward deepening of the focal depths through the Western Alps, several large active faults (e.g. Belledonne, Middle Durance, Ligure). Over this period the magnitudes are moderate and the focal mechanisms of the main events display a diversity of seismic behaviors that can be explained by the complexity of the different geological domains with a more or less strong structural inheritage, by variable rheological characteristics at the scale of the crust and by the joint action of different mechanisms of deformation. The distribution of the historical events is in fairly good agreement with the instrumental seismicity, but several earthquakes of $M >6$ are highlighted since the 14th century until the beginning of the 20th

Rapid response to the M_w 4.9 earthquake of November 11, 2019 in Le Teil, Lower Rhône Valley, France

On November 11, 2019, a Mw 4.9 earthquake hit the region close to Montelimar (lower Rhône Valley, France), on the eastern margin of the Massif Central close to the external part of the Alps. Occuring in a moderate seismicity area, this earthquake is remarkable for its very shallow focal depth (between 1 and 3 km), its magnitude, and the moderate to large damages it produced in several villages. InSAR interferograms indicated a shallow rupture about 4 km long reaching the surface and the reactivation of the ancient NE-SW La Rouviere normal fault in reverse faulting in agreement with the present-day E-W compressional tectonics. The peculiarity of this earthquake together with a poor coverage of the epicentral region by permanent seismological and geodetic stations triggered the mobilisation of the French post-seismic unit and the broad French scientific community from various institutions, with the deployment of geophysical instruments (seismological and geodesic stations), geological field surveys, and field evaluation of the intensity of the earthquake. Within 7 days after the mainshock, 47 seismological stations were deployed in the epicentral area to improve the Le Teil aftershocks locations relative to the French permanent seismological network (RESIF), monitor the temporal and spatial evolution of microearthquakes close to the fault plane and temporal evolution of the seismic response of 3 damaged historical buildings, and to study suspected site effects and their influence in the distribution of seismic damage. This seismological dataset, completed by data owned by different institutions, was integrated in a homogeneous archive and distributed through FDSN web services by the RESIF data center. This dataset, together with observations of surface rupture evidences, geologic, geodetic and satellite data, will help to unravel the causes and rupture mechanism of this earthquake, and contribute to account in seismic hazard assessment for earthquakes along the major regional Cévenne fault system in a context of present-day compressional tectonics

Le séisme de 1887 sur la côte Ligure interprété

International audienc

Les répliques du séisme du Teil (Mw4.9) et leur lien avec la géologie

National audienc