Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Kopi Dan Serbuk Gergaji Menjadi Briket Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif

Dependence on fuel oil brought Indonesia to the energy crisis seriously. One way to reduce dependence on fossil energy is to develop alternative renewable energy sources. Developing the alternative energy from saw dust waste and coffee skin has a great potential to be used as raw material for the manufacture of briquettes. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of temperature and composition of briquettes from saw dust waste and coffee skin. Variations in temperature there are 250oC, 300oC, 350oC, 400oC and 450oC for 2 hours with the composition ratio between coffee skin and saw dust waste 75: 25 and 25: 75 as well as the addition of adhesive materials as much as 8%. Dependent variable, there are inherent moisture , ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and calorific value. Briquette-shaped cylinder with a height of 2.5 cm and a diameter of 7.5 cm. Based on the research results obtained briquettes in temperature 450oC coffee skin composition and saw dust waste (25:75) with a inherent moisture of 0.87%, 7.84% ash content, volatile matter 23.96%, 67.33% fixed carbon and a calorificvalue of 5800.16 cal /g

Pharmacogenetic effect on the sensitivity parameter.

<p>Administration of L-DOPA increases the sensitivity for making transfers that subjectively provide the largest expected return in player As who carry the 10/10R DAT1 genotype (lower endogenous striatal dopamine levels) (placebo: n = 22; L-DOPA: n = 28), but decreases this sensitivity in those who carry the 9/10R DAT1 genotype (higher endogenous striatal dopamine levels) (placebo: n = 27; L-DOPA: n = 16). Horizontal lines indicate mean values of the sensitivity parameter, separately for L-DOPA and placebo groups and the 9/10R and the 10/10R DAT1 genotype carriers. Vertical lines indicate standard errors of the mean.</p

Average player As’ transfers across rounds and resulting earnings.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Player As’ transfers in each round during interactions with a prosocial (grey dots) respective selfish (black dots) player B over 20 rounds of the task. Player As increase their transfers over the 20 rounds when paired with a prosocial player B and decrease their transfers while interacting with a selfish player B. The learning curves represent the predicted transfers by the reinforcement learning model for interactions with a prosocial (grey line) and selfish (black line) partner. Hence, player As learn to adapt their transfers according to player Bs’ prosocial preferences. (<b>b/c</b>) Dopaminergic modulation of learning performance defined as the total earnings accumulated by player As. (<b>b</b>) When paired with a prosocial partner, player As who carry the 10/10R DAT1 genotype (lower striatal dopamine levels, n = 50) improve their learning performance under the influence of L-DOPA (placebo: n = 22; L-DOPA: n = 28). Player As who carry the 9/10R DAT1 genotype (higher striatal dopamine levels, n = 43) show an impaired performance after L-DOPA administration (placebo: n = 27; L-DOPA: n = 16). (<b>c</b>) Dopaminergic effects are absent when player As are paired with a selfish partner. Horizontal lines indicate average total earnings of player As, separately for L-DOPA and placebo groups and the 9/10R (placebo: n = 19; L-DOPA: n = 26) and the 10/10R DAT1 (placebo: n = 23; L-DOPA: n = 23) genotype carriers. Vertical lines indicate standard errors of the mean.</p

Single dose testosterone administration modulates emotional reactivity and counterfactual choice in healthy males

raw data from the gambling tas

Stable self-serving personality traits in recreational and dependent cocaine users

<div><p>Chronic cocaine use has been associated with impairments in social cognition, self-serving and antisocial behavior, and socially relevant personality disorders (PD). Despite the apparent relationship between Machiavellianism and stimulant use, no study has explicitly examined this personality concept in cocaine users so far. In the frame of the longitudinal Zurich Cocaine Cognition Study, the <i>Machiavellianism Questionnaire</i> (MACH-IV) was assessed in 68 recreational and 30 dependent cocaine users as well as in 68 psychostimulant-naïve controls at baseline. Additionally, three closely related personality dimensions from the <i>Temperament and Character Inventory</i> (TCI)–cooperativeness, (social) reward dependence, and self-directedness–and the screening questionnaire of the <i>Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders</i> (SCID-II) were acquired. At the one-year follow-up, 57 cocaine users and 48 controls were reassessed with the MACH-IV. Finally, MACH-IV scores were correlated with measures of social cognition and interaction (cognitive/emotional empathy, Theory-of-Mind, prosocial behavior) and with SCID-II PD scores assessed at baseline. Both recreational and dependent cocaine users showed significantly higher Machiavellianism than controls, while dependent cocaine users additionally displayed significantly lower levels of TCI cooperativeness and self-directedness. During the one-year interval, MACH-IV scores showed high test-retest reliability and also the significant gap between cocaine users and controls remained. Moreover, in cocaine users, higher Machiavellianism correlated significantly with lower levels of cooperativeness and self-directedness, with less prosocial behavior, and with higher cluster B PD scores. However, Machiavellianism was not correlated with measures of cocaine use severity (r<-.15). Both recreational and dependent cocaine users display pronounced and stable Machiavellian personality traits. The lack of correlations with severity of cocaine use and its temporal stability indicates that a Machiavellian personality trait might represent a predisposition for cocaine use that potentially serves as a predictor for stimulant addiction.</p></div

Measures of cooperativeness, reward dependence, and self-directedness in recreational and dependent cocaine users as well as stimulant-naïve controls.

<p>Measures of cooperativeness, reward dependence, and self-directedness in recreational and dependent cocaine users as well as stimulant-naïve controls.</p

DAT1 polymorphism allele frequencies in our sample.

<p>DAT1 polymorphism allele frequencies in our sample.</p

Demographic data and drug use pattern (cross-sectional sample).

<p>Demographic data and drug use pattern (cross-sectional sample).</p

Demographic data and drug use pattern (longitudinal sample).

<p>Demographic data and drug use pattern (longitudinal sample).</p