13 research outputs found

    Establishment of a clinical algorithm for the diagnosis of P. falciparum malaria in children from an endemic area using a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model

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    Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation WHO schĂ€tzte die Zahl der an Malaria erkrankten Menschen im Jahr 2009 auf weltweit 225 Millionen. Auf dem afrikanischen Kontinent betrafen 85% der durch Malaria verursachten TodesfĂ€lle Kinder unter fĂŒnf Jahren. Obwohl die Inzidenzen der P. falciparum-Malaria in einigen Teilen des subsaharischen Afrika sinken und andere Erkrankungen mit Ă€hnlichen Symptomen wie denen der Malaria an Bedeutung gewinnen, ist eine vorsorgliche medikamentöse Behandlung im Verdachtsfall weiterhin ĂŒblich. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Generierung eines auf das Lebensalter bezogenen klinischen Algorithmus, der mit einfachen klinischen Symptomen die Diagnose einer P. falciparum - ParasitĂ€mie ermöglicht. Die Studie wurde in einem lĂ€ndlichen Krankenhaus in der Ashanti-Region in Ghana durchgefĂŒhrt, welche ĂŒber das ganze Jahr hinweg holoendemisch fĂŒr Malaria ist. Insgesamt wurden 5447 ambulante Besuche von 3641 Patienten im Alter zwischen 2-60 Monaten analysiert. Alle Kinder wurden von einem PĂ€diater klinisch untersucht und es wurden ein kleines Blutbild sowie ein Malariaausstrich (‘Dicker Tropfen’) angefertigt. Mit Hilfe einesClassification and Regression Tree (CART) wurde ein klinischer Entscheidungsbaum fĂŒr die PrĂ€diktion einer Plasmodium-ParasitĂ€mie generiert und prĂ€diktive Werte fĂŒr alle erfassten Symptome berechnet. Eine ParasitĂ€mie wurde bei Kindern im Alter von 2-12 Monaten mit einer PrĂ€valenz von 13.8% und bei Kindern im Alter zwischen 12 und 60 Monatenmit einer PrĂ€valenz von 30.6% gefunden. Das CART-Modell ergab altersabhĂ€ngige Unterschiede in der FĂ€higkeit der Variablen eine ParasitĂ€mie vorherzusagen. WĂ€hrend sich bei Kindern im Alter zwischen 2 und 12 Monaten die „palmare BlĂ€sse“ als das wichtigste Symptom herausstellte, gewannen die Variablen „Fieber in der Anamnese“ und „erhöhte Körpertemperatur ≄ 37.5°C“ bei Kindern im Alter zwischen 12 und 60 Monaten an Bedeutung. Die Variable „palmare BlĂ€sse“ war bei Kindern jedes Alters signifikant (p<0.001) mit niedrigeren HĂ€moglobinwerten assoziiert. Im Vergleich zum Algorithmus des Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) hatte das CART-Modell eine deutlich höhere SpezifitĂ€t sowie einen höheren positiven prĂ€diktiven Wert fĂŒr die Vorhersage einer ParasitĂ€mie. Die Anwendung von altersbezogenen Algorithmen erhöht die SpezifitĂ€t der Vorhersage einer P. falciparum - ParasitĂ€mie. Selbst in einer Population mit einer hohen PrĂ€valenz an AnĂ€mie ermöglicht der prĂ€diktive Wert der „palmaren BlĂ€sse“ eine Erkennung von signifikant geringeren Hb-Werten. Die Bedeutung der „palmaren BlĂ€sse“ sollte daher in der Schulung von Gesundheitshelfern hervorgehoben werden. Mangels ausreichender SensitivitĂ€t kann allerdings weder auf Basis des besten Algorithmus noch mit „palmarer BlĂ€sse“ als einzelnem klinischem Zeichen eine Therapieentscheidung getroffen werden. Sie sind daher kein Ersatz fĂŒr eine vorsorgliche medikamentöse Behandlung und einen Erregernachweis

    Predictive Value of Fever and Palmar Pallor for P. falciparum Parasitaemia in Children from an Endemic Area

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    INTRODUCTION: Although the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa is reported to decline and other conditions, causing similar symptoms as clinical malaria are gaining in relevance, presumptive anti-malarial treatment is still common. This study traced for age-dependent signs and symptoms predictive for P. falciparum parasitaemia. METHODS: In total, 5447 visits of 3641 patients between 2-60 months of age who attended an outpatient department (OPD) of a rural hospital in the Ashanti Region, Ghana, were analysed. All Children were examined by a paediatrician and a full blood count and thick smear were done. A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model was used to generate a clinical decision tree to predict malarial parasitaemia a7nd predictive values of all symptoms were calculated. RESULTS: Malarial parasitaemia was detected in children between 2-12 months and between 12-60 months of age with a prevalence of 13.8% and 30.6%, respectively. The CART-model revealed age-dependent differences in the ability of the variables to predict parasitaemia. While palmar pallor was the most important symptom in children between 2-12 months, a report of fever and an elevated body temperature of ≄37.5°C gained in relevance in children between 12-60 months. The variable palmar pallor was significantly (p<0.001) associated with lower haemoglobin levels in children of all ages. Compared to the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) algorithm the CART-model had much lower sensitivities, but higher specificities and positive predictive values for a malarial parasitaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Use of age-derived algorithms increases the specificity of the prediction for P. falciparum parasitaemia. The predictive value of palmar pallor should be underlined in health worker training. Due to a lack of sensitivity neither the best algorithm nor palmar pallor as a single sign are eligible for decision-making and cannot replace presumptive treatment or laboratory diagnosis

    Signs and symptoms and their association with <i>P. falciparum</i> parasitaemia in children.

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    a<p>To be positive for this (inverse) variable patients must not present <i>malnourished condition</i>.</p>b<p>To be positive for this (inverse) variable patients must not present <i>skin abnormalities</i>, <i>skin rash</i>, <i>skin depigmentation</i> and <i>other skin problem</i>.</p>c<p>To be positive for this (inverse) variable patients must not present <i>vomiting</i> and <i>diarrhoea</i>.</p>d<p>To be positive for this (inverse) variable patients must not present <i>respiratory distress, breathing difficulties, fast breathing, deep breathing, chest indrawing, running nose</i>, blocked nose and <i>cough</i>.</p>e<p>CI: 95% Confidence interval.</p

    Enrollment and exclusion of patients for analysis.

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    <p><sup>a</sup> A patient is defined as an individual visiting the OPD. <sup>b</sup> Case report forms must have information for each variable in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036678#pone-0036678-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> available.</p

    CART – model for children between 12 and 60 months of age (N = 4143).

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    <p><sup>1</sup> Number of patients with the respective combination of variables given by the branches of the decision tree. <sup>2</sup> Number of patients positive for <i>P. falciparum</i> parasitaemia. <sup>3</sup> Odds Ratio for <i>P. falciparum</i> parasitaemia with the combination of variables in comparison to all other combinations.</p

    Classification and comparison of CART model and IMCI algorithm.

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    a<p>IMCI-algorithm for identification of children with malaria in high-risk areas: Fever by history of fever or feeling hot/elevated body temperature of ≄37.5°C on admission and/or some palmar pallor.</p>b<p>CART-model: For calculation only those variables were used, which were included in the CART-analysis for the certain age group.</p>c<p>PPV = Positive predictive value.</p>d<p>NPV = Negative predictive value.</p

    Sensitivity and specificity of symptoms for prediction of <i>P. falciparum</i> parasitaemia in different age groups.

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    <p>Note: Percentage refers to the total number of patients within each age group.</p>a<p>ROF = <i>report of fever</i>;</p>b<p>EBT = <i>elevated body temperature</i>;</p>c<p>NRS = <i>no respiratory symptoms</i>.</p

    CART – model for children between 2 and 12 months of age (N = 1304).

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    <p><sup>1</sup> Number of patients with the respective combination of variables given by the branches of the decision tree. <sup>2</sup> Number of patients positive for <i>P. falciparum</i> parasitaemia. <sup>3</sup> Odds Ratio for <i>P. falciparum</i> parasitaemia with the combination of variables in comparison to all other combinations.</p

    Diagnosing Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Infections by Polymerase Chain Reaction Using EDTA Blood Samples of Febrile Patients From Burkina Faso

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    Methods.aEuro integral From April 2012 to September 2013, typhoid fever surveillance was conducted in Polesgo and Nioko, 2 dry slum areas in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Blood culture was performed for febrile patients using an automated blood culture system. Additional blood was collected in EDTA tubes from those patients and preserved at -80A degrees C. DNA was extracted from EDTA blood and PCR was performed to identify presence of S. Typhi. Randomly selected PCR products were further sequenced to identify S. Typhi-specific amplicons. Results.aEuro integral Of 1674 patients, S. Typhi was isolated from 18 (1.1%) individuals by blood culture. EDTA blood was collected from 1578 patients, of which 298 EDTA samples were tested by PCR. Salmonella Typhi-specific DNA was identified in 44 (14.8%) samples. The sensitivity of S. Typhi-specific PCR from EDTA blood was 89% (74%-100%) among the blood culture-positive cases. Sixteen S. Typhi-positive PCR products were sequenced, and 13 retrieved the sequence of a S. Typhi-specific amplicon. Conclusions.aEuro integral These findings suggest that blood culture-based diagnoses of S. Typhi underestimate the burden of typhoid fever in Burkina Faso. PCR could be considered as an alternative method for the identification and diagnosis of S. Typhi in blood samples
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