Suicide rates of citizens and non-citizens within the prison population and the general population.

<p>Suicide rates of citizens and non-citizens within the prison population and the general population.</p

Dipole moment of N100 during, pre and post rTMS.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The momentum of the dipole component shown in the dipole model on the right (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050073#pone-0050073-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4C</a>) is presented for the N100 time interval: before rTMS is shown in black, after 1 Hz-rTMS in red and after sham stimulation in blue. The TMS artifact (black box) has been cut out. (<b>B</b>) Momentum of the dipole component shown in the dipole model on the right (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050073#pone-0050073-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4C</a>) during 1 Hz-rTMS. The TMS artifact (black box) has been cut out. The lines illustrate representative trial blocks at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of 1 Hz-rTMS (trials 1–100, 501–600 and 801–900). (<b>C</b>) Source model (cf. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050073#pone-0050073-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>).</p

TMS-evoked N100 amplitude reduction after 1 Hz-rTMS.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Comparison of N100 before rTMS (black) with after 1 Hz-rTMS (red) and after sham stimulation (blue): N100 amplitude was only reduced after 1 Hz-rTMS. TMS artifact (black box) has been cut out. (<b>B</b>) N100 amplitude was reduced after 1 Hz-rTMS but not after sham stimulation irrespective of ORDER (blue: first 1 Hz-rTMS, second sham stimulation; red: first sham stimulation, second 1 Hz-rTMS; vertical bars show 0.95 confidence intervals). (<b>C</b>) Voltage and current source density (CSD) maps (blue for negativity, red for positivity) show TMS-evoked N100 localization above the stimulated left primary motor cortex and an intensity reduction after 1 Hz-rTMS.</p

Male suicide rates in German prisons and the role of citizenship

<div><p>Purpose</p><p>Prisoners are at a particularly high risk of suicide. In contrast to other psychosocial risk factors it remains unclear to what degree the risk of suicide differs between prisoners with local citizenship and foreigners. In order to provide more detailed information for suicide prevention in prisons, this study aims to compare suicide rates (SR) between these populations in German criminal custody.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Based on a German national database of completed suicide in custody, suicides by prisoners were analysed and compared with epidemiological data of the prison population and the general population, stratified for German and foreign citizenship. Data analysis was adjusted for differences in the age distribution of both populations by calculating standard mortality ratios (SMR) for suicide.</p><p>Results</p><p>SR were higher in prisoners with German citizenship than those with foreign citizenship (SR = 76.5 vs. SR = 42.8, P<0.01). This association was not specific to the prison population, as the higher SR in citizens compared to non-citizens (SR = 19.3 vs. SR = 9.0, P<0.01) were also found in the general population. The association between prison suicide and citizenship was comparable in juvenile and adult prisoners, indicating its relevance to both the juvenile and adult detention systems.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Imprisonment is associated with a substantially increased risk of suicide in both German and non-German citizens, a finding which needs to be taken into consideration by the justice system. The lower suicide risk in non-German citizens is independent of whether or not they are in custody.</p></div

N100 amplitude decrease during 1 Hz-rTMS.

<p>(<b>A</b>) N100 amplitude reduction during 1 Hz-rTMS (group mean values). The TMS artifact (black box) has been cut out. Each curve represents an average of 100 trials (1–100, 101–200, …, 801–900). Electrodes C3, CP3’ and CP5’ were pooled. <i>Left</i>: TMS-evoked N100 amplitude continuously decreased during the stimuli 1–500. <i>Right</i>: N100 amplitude reached a plateau and was not further reduced by continued stimulation (pulses 500–900). (<b>B</b>) Single patient example. (<b>C</b>) TMS-evoked N100 amplitude was reduced during 1 Hz-rTMS regardless of the order of 1 Hz-rTMS vs. sham stimulation (blue: first 1 Hz-rTMS, second sham stimulation; red: first sham stimulation, second 1 Hz-rTMS; vertical bars show 0.95 confidence intervals). (<b>D</b>) Voltage and current source density (CSD) maps (blue areas indicate negativity, red areas positivity) show an N100 maximum above the stimulated left left central area and an intensity reduction during 1 Hz-rTMS. <i>Left</i>: N100 during stimuli 1–100. <i>Right</i>: N100 during stimuli 801–900.</p

Standard mortality ratios (SMR) of citizens and non-citizens exposed to the risk factor imprisonment.

<p>Standard mortality ratios (SMR) of citizens and non-citizens exposed to the risk factor imprisonment.</p

Sample characteristics.

<p>(RMT = resting motor threshold; rTMS = repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation).</p

Age distribution of German and non-German citizenship.

<p>Distribution of the prison population (A) and the general population (B) stratified by German (blue) and non-German (black dashed line) citizenship. For all four populations, the total population size was defined as 100%. In the prison population, life years were given in age intervals, producing a staircase shaped graph. Data representing the general population were given for each age year.</p

P100 and N200.

<p>A) P100 component at electrodes O1 and O2 and B) N200 at electrodes P9 and P10 for both conditions (walker, scramble) separately. Typically developing controls are indicated by solid lines and ADHD by dashed lines.</p

Source model of TMS-evoked N100.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The RAP-MUSIC (recursively applied and projected multiple signal classification) revealed a single source component located near the stimulated hand area of the primary motor cortex with an orientation approximately perpendicular to the precentral gyrus. (<b>B</b>) The first two principal components explained over 99% of the signal during the N100 time interval. The TMS artifact (black box) has been cut out. (<b>C</b>) The dipole moment of the single source component showed a maximum in the N100 interval. The TMS artifact (black box) has been cut out.</p