56 research outputs found

    La vraisemblance de patrons de réponses : étude de la précision des indices d'ajustement des scores individuels, de leurs points critiques et du taux optimal d'aberrance

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    Cette Ă©tude doctorale porte sur les indices d’ajustement des scores individuels dĂ©rivĂ©s de la ThĂ©orie des rĂ©ponses aux items (TRI). Les deux concepts retenus dans le cadre de cette recherche sont les taux de dĂ©tection et les points critiques. Le premier et le troisiĂšme article traitent des taux de dĂ©tection tandis que le deuxiĂšme article traite des points critiques. Le premier article Ă©tudie la relation entre la puissance des indices et l’ajustement des modĂšles logistiques Ă  2 et Ă  3 paramĂštres de la TRI aux donnĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que pour que les indices soient puissants, un modĂšle qui correspond Ă  la distribution des donnĂ©es doit ĂȘtre prĂ©fĂ©rĂ© Ă  un modĂšle qui Ă©pouse les donnĂ©es. Dans le deuxiĂšme article, nous avons Ă©laborĂ© des points critiques pour la statistiques lz qui peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s dans des contextes semblables Ă  ceux Ă©tudiĂ©s dans le cadre du premier article. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus, dans le deuxiĂšme article, dĂ©montrent qu’il est possible de crĂ©er une table des points critiques. Les intervalles de confiance calculĂ©s pour chaque point critique indiquent que ces derniers sont prĂ©cis. Lors de la mise Ă  l’essai de ces points critiques, il a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© que les taux d’erreur de type I sont conservateurs. Ceci est plus prononcĂ© pour l’erreur de type I de 0,01. Quant aux taux de dĂ©tection pour les niveaux d’erreur de type I de 0,05 et 0,10, ils sont lĂ©gĂšrement infĂ©rieurs Ă  ceux recensĂ©s dans la documentation. Dans le troisiĂšme article, il est question de la relation entre les taux de dĂ©tection des indices d’ajustement des scores individuels et le taux d’aberrance des patrons de rĂ©ponses. Les rĂ©sultats de ce troisiĂšme article suggĂšrent l’existence du phĂ©nomĂšne du taux d’aberrance optimal. Il y a une augmentation du taux de dĂ©tection des indices d’ajustement des scores individuels avec l’augmentation du taux d’aberrance jusqu’à l’atteinte d’un sommet. Par la suite, une augmentation du taux d’aberrance entraĂźne une diminution du taux de dĂ©tection. Ces derniers rĂ©sultats nous permettre d’expliquer un phĂ©nomĂšne qui n’avait jamais Ă©tĂ© formellement Ă©tudiĂ© auparavant.This doctoral research on Item Response Theory (IRT)-based Person-Fit Statistics (PFS) is comprised of three studies. This research was divided in such a way so we could study two key concepts: the detection rates and the critical values of PFS. In the first and third study, detection rates were studied. The second study focused on the critical values of a PFS. In the first article, we observed that the PFS were more accurate when they were used with parametric estimated ICCs (ML2P and ML3P), and this was independent of the sample size. It seems necessary to verify the model-data fit before carrying out appropriateness assessment with IRT-based PFS. Following the development of a table of critical values, in the second article, the degrees of confidence were calculated for each interval and these results lead us to believe that the critical values were precise. These critical values were tested and it was observed that the type I error rates were conservative but the detection rates observed for .05 and .10 type I error levels were slightly inferior to the detection rates found in the literature. In the third article, we investigated the optimal aberrance phenomenon, i.e., we observed an increase in the detection rate of PFS with an increase in the aberrance rate until a peak was reached and then an increase in the aberrance rate lead to a decrease in the detection rates of PFS. These last results help us to explain a phenomenon that was never previously studied

    Strategies identified by program directors to improve adoption of the CanMEDS framework

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    Background: Challenges associated with the use of the CanMEDS physician competency framework (CanMEDS) have been the subject of several studies. Most of these have focused on the adoption of specific roles in an Anglophone context. This study aims to investigate how Francophone postgraduate medical education (PGME) program directors have integrated the CanMEDS framework into their programs.Methods: We invited Francophone PGME program directors to participate in group interviews aimed at exploring their experiences using the CanMEDS framework. We used an open-ended interview guide and realized a thematic analysis of the transcripts.  Results: We held five group interviews between February and December 2014 with 17 Francophone program directors representing 13 out of a maximum of 62 different specialties/subspecialties. Although program directors endorsed the framework, its integration was seen as challenging, particularly the assessment of non-medical expert roles. To overcome these challenges, they relied on common strategies including a longitudinal approach to the framework, improving inter-program collaboration, and subcontracting the teaching of certain roles.Conclusion: While integrating the CanMEDS framework into their programs, Francophone program directors struggled with teaching and assessing non-medical expert roles and ensuring their longitudinal integration over time.  Directors relied on various strategies, some of which (e.g., subcontracting) may ultimately limit the adoption of the framework as a whole.___Contexte: Les dĂ©fis associĂ©s Ă  l'utilisation du rĂ©fĂ©rentiel de compĂ©tences CanMEDS pour les mĂ©decins ont fait l'objet de plusieurs Ă©tudes. La plupart de ces Ă©tudes ont portĂ©es sur l'adoption de rĂŽles spĂ©cifiques dans un contexte anglophone. Cette Ă©tude vise Ă  explorer comment les directeurs de programmes d’études mĂ©dicales postdoctorales (EMP) francophones ont intĂ©grĂ© CanMEDS dans leurs programmes.MĂ©thodes: Nous avons invitĂ© les directeurs de programmes EMP francophones Ă  participer Ă  des entrevues de groupe. Ces entrevues visaient Ă  explorer leur expĂ©rience de l’utilisation du rĂ©fĂ©rentiel CanMEDS. Nous avons utilisĂ© un guide d'entrevue ouvert et nous avons fait une analyse thĂ©matique des transcriptions. RĂ©sultats: Nous avons tenu cinq entrevues de groupe entre fĂ©vrier et dĂ©cembre 2014 avec 17 directeurs de programmes de 13 des 62 spĂ©cialitĂ©s/sous-spĂ©cialitĂ©s. Bien que les directeurs de programmes appuient le rĂ©fĂ©rentiel, son intĂ©gration a Ă©tĂ© perçue comme un dĂ©fi, notamment en ce qui a trait Ă  l'Ă©valuation des rĂŽles autres que celui d'expert mĂ©dical. Pour surmonter ces dĂ©fis, ils se sont appuyĂ©s sur des stratĂ©gies communes, notamment une approche longitudinale du rĂ©fĂ©rentiel, l'amĂ©lioration de la collaboration entre les programmes et la sous-traitance de l'enseignement de certains rĂŽles.Conclusions: À travers le processus d’intĂ©gration du rĂ©fĂ©rentiel CanMEDS, les directeurs de programmes EMP francophones ont de la difficultĂ© Ă  enseigner et Ă  Ă©valuer les rĂŽles autres que celui d'expert mĂ©dical ainsi qu’à veiller Ă  leur intĂ©gration respective et continue au fil du temps. Ils ont eu recours Ă  diverses stratĂ©gies, dont certaines (p. ex., la sous-traitance) pourraient ultimement limiter l'adoption du rĂ©fĂ©rentiel dans son ensemble

    La validitĂ© en tant qu’impĂ©ratif social : perceptions d’utilisateurs et de leaders

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    Introduction: Recently, validity as a social imperative was proposed as an emerging conceptualization of validity in the assessment literature in health professions education (HPE). To further develop our understanding, we explored the perceived acceptability and anticipated feasibility of validity as a social imperative with users and leaders engaged with assessment in HPE in Canada. Methods: We conducted a qualitative interpretive description study. Purposeful and snowball sampling were used to recruit participants for semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups. Each transcript was analyzed by two team members and discussed with the team until consensus was reached. Results: We conducted five focus group and eleven interviews with two different stakeholder groups (users and leaders). Our findings suggest that the participants perceived the concept of validity as a social imperative as acceptable. Regardless of group, participants shared similar considerations regarding: the limits of traditional validity models, the concept’s timeliness and relevance, the need to clarify some terms used to characterize the concept, the similarities with modern theories of validity, and the anticipated challenges in applying the concept in practice. In addition, participants discussed some limits with current approaches to validity in the context of workplace-based and programmatic assessment. Conclusion: Validity as a social imperative can be interwoven throughout existing theories of validity and may represent how HPE is adapting traditional models of validity in order to respond to the complexity of assessment in HPE; however, challenges likely remain in operationalizing the concept prior to its implementation.Contexte : Une nouvelle maniĂšre de concevoir la validitĂ© en matiĂšre d’évaluation des apprentissages dans les programmes en sciences de la santĂ© a rĂ©cemment Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e : la validitĂ© en tant qu’impĂ©ratif social. Pour mieux la comprendre, nous avons explorĂ© l’acceptabilitĂ© perçue et la faisabilitĂ© anticipĂ©e de la validitĂ© en tant qu’impĂ©ratif social auprĂšs d’utilisateurs et de leaders en matiĂšre d’évaluation en Ă©ducation des professions de la santĂ© au Canada. MĂ©thodes : Nous avons menĂ© une Ă©tude qualitative descriptive interprĂ©tative. Pour recruter les participants aux entrevues individuelles semi-structurĂ©es et aux groupes de discussion, nous avons utilisĂ© l’échantillonnage par choix raisonnĂ© et l’échantillonnage boule de neige. Les transcriptions ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es par deux membres de l’équipe et discutĂ©es avec l’ensemble de l’équipe jusqu’à l’obtention d’un consensus. RĂ©sultats : Nous avons menĂ© cinq groupes de discussion et onze entretiens avec deux groupes de parties prenantes, l’un composĂ© d’utilisateurs, l’autre de leaders. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que les participants estiment acceptable le concept de validitĂ© comme impĂ©ratif social. Quel que soit le groupe, les participants ont partagĂ© des considĂ©rations similaires concernant : les limites des modĂšles de validitĂ© traditionnels, l’actualitĂ© et la pertinence du concept, la nĂ©cessitĂ© de clarifier certains termes utilisĂ©s pour dĂ©finir le concept, les similitudes avec les thĂ©ories modernes de la validitĂ©, et les dĂ©fis anticipĂ©s de son application. En outre, les participants ont soulevĂ© certaines limites des approches actuelles de la validitĂ© dans le contexte de l’évaluation en milieu de travail et de l’évaluation programmatique. Conclusion : La notion de validitĂ© comme impĂ©ratif social peut ĂȘtre incorporĂ©e dans les thĂ©ories existantes pour traduire l’adaptation des modĂšles traditionnels de la validitĂ© Ă  la complexitĂ© de l’évaluation en Ă©ducation des professions de la santĂ©; cependant, certains dĂ©fis liĂ©s Ă  l’opĂ©rationnalisation du concept seraient Ă  rĂ©soudre avant sa mise en Ɠuvre

    Multiple tutorial-based assessments: a generalizability study

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    BACKGROUND: Tutorial-based assessment commonly used in problem-based learning (PBL) is thought to provide information about students which is different from that gathered with traditional assessment strategies such as multiple-choice questions or short-answer questions. Although multiple-observations within units in an undergraduate medical education curriculum foster more reliable scores, that evaluation design is not always practically feasible. Thus, this study investigated the overall reliability of a tutorial-based program of assessment, namely the Tutotest-Lite. METHODS: More specifically, scores from multiple units were used to profile clinical domains for the first two years of a system-based PBL curriculum. RESULTS: G-Study analysis revealed an acceptable level of generalizability, with g-coefficients of 0.84 and 0.83 for Years 1 and 2, respectively. Interestingly, D-Studies suggested that as few as five observations over one year would yield sufficiently reliable scores. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results from this study support the use of the Tutotest-Lite to judge clinical domains over different PBL units

    Role of researchers in the ethical conduct of research: a discourse analysis from different stakeholder perspectives

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    Abstract: The ethical conduct of research rests largely on researchers, and as such, an understanding of how they perceive and enact their role in research is paramount. However, the literature around ethics and research mostly focuses on researchers’ perception of Research Ethics Boards (REB; also known as Institutional Review Boards) roles and functions. To fill that gap, we analyzed the perceptions of researchers, REB members, and influential parties (n = 40) about researchers’ role in the ethical conduct of research through discourse analysis. Three discourses emerged: researchers as reflective practitioners, protectors of participants, and technicians. Understanding the common- alities and differences among the discourses may foster a shared and compelling institutional research culture

    L’évaluation de l’engagement Ă  la rĂ©flexion : les perceptions des Ă©tudiants en mĂ©decine

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    Background: While developing reflection skills is considered important by educators, the assessment of these skills is often associated with unintended negative consequences. In the context of a mandatory longitudinal course that aims to promote the development of reflection on professional identity, we assessed students’ commitment to reflection. This study explores students’ perception of this assessment by their mentor. Methods: We conducted a qualitative descriptive study using semi-structured interviews with twenty-one 1st and six 2nd year medical students. Thematic analysis was informed by Braun and Clarke’s six-step approach. Results: We identified four main themes: 1- assessment as a motivator, 2- consequences on authenticity, 3- perception of inherent subjectivity, and 4 - relationship with the mentor. Conclusions: In the context of assessing reflection skills in future physicians, we observed that students –when assessed on the process of reflection– experienced high motivation but were ambivalent on the question of authenticity. The subjectivity of the assessment as well as the relationship with their mentor also raises questions. Nevertheless, this assessment approach for reflective skills appears to be promising in terms of limiting the negative consequences of assessment.Contexte : MalgrĂ© l’importance que les Ă©ducateurs attribuent Ă  l’acquisition de compĂ©tences de rĂ©flexion, l’évaluation de ces compĂ©tences entraĂźne souvent des consĂ©quences nĂ©gatives involontaires. Dans le cadre d’un cours longitudinal obligatoire visant Ă  promouvoir le dĂ©veloppement de la rĂ©flexion sur l’identitĂ© professionnelle, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© l’engagement des Ă©tudiants Ă  cultiver leurs compĂ©tences de rĂ©flexion. Cette Ă©tude explore leur perception de cette Ă©valuation menĂ©e par leur mentor. MĂ©thodes : Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une Ă©tude qualitative descriptive Ă  l’aide d’entretiens semi-structurĂ©s avec vingt-et-un Ă©tudiants en mĂ©decine de premiĂšre annĂ©e et six Ă©tudiants en mĂ©decine de deuxiĂšme annĂ©e. Notre analyse thĂ©matique repose sur l’approche en six Ă©tapes de Braun et Clarke. RĂ©sultats : Nous avons identifiĂ© quatre thĂšmes principaux : 1 – l’évaluation comme facteur de motivation, 2 – les consĂ©quences sur l’authenticitĂ©, 3 – la perception de la subjectivitĂ© inhĂ©rente, et 4 – la relation avec le mentor. Conclusions : Dans le contexte de l’évaluation des compĂ©tences de rĂ©flexion des futurs mĂ©decins, focalisĂ©e plus particuliĂšrement sur le processus de rĂ©flexion, les Ă©tudiants se sont montrĂ©s trĂšs motivĂ©s, mais incertains quant Ă  son authenticitĂ©. La subjectivitĂ© de l’évaluation et la relation avec leur mentor soulĂšvent Ă©galement des interrogations. NĂ©anmoins, cette approche d’évaluation des compĂ©tences rĂ©flexives semble prometteuse dans la mesure oĂč elle permet de limiter les consĂ©quences nĂ©gatives de l’évaluation

    Exploration de l'utilisation par les étudiants en médecine des principes d'auto-explication et de réflexion structurée pendant l'externat

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    Background: While educators observe gaps in clerkship students’ clinical reasoning (CR) skills, students report few opportunities to develop them. This study aims at exploring how students who used self-explanation (SE) and structured reflection (SR) for CR learning during preclinical training, applied these learning strategies during clerkship. Methods: We conducted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study involving medical students. With a questionnaire, we asked students how frequently they adopted behaviours related to SE and SR during clerkship. Next, we conducted a focus group with students to explore why they adopted these behaviours. Results:  Fifty-two of 198 students answered the questionnaire and five participated in a focus group. Specific behaviours adopted varied from 50% to 98%. We identified three themes about why students used these strategies: as “just in time” learning strategies; to deepen their understanding and identify gaps in knowledge; to develop a practical approach to diagnosis. A fourth theme related to the balance between learning and assessment and its consequence on adopting SE behaviours. Conclusions: Students having experienced SE and SR regularly in preclinical training tend to transpose these strategies into the clerkship providing them with a practical way to reflect deliberately and capture learning opportunities of the unpredictable clinical context.Contexte : Alors que les Ă©ducateurs observent des lacunes dans les compĂ©tences de raisonnement clinique (RC) des Ă©tudiants en externat, ces derniers font Ă©tat de peu d'occasions de les dĂ©velopper. Cette Ă©tude vise Ă  explorer comment les Ă©tudiants qui ont utilisĂ© l'auto-explication (SE) et la rĂ©flexion structurĂ©e (SR) pour l'apprentissage du raisonnement clinique pendant la formation prĂ©clinique, ont appliquĂ© ces stratĂ©gies d'apprentissage pendant l'externat. MĂ©thodes : Nous avons menĂ© une Ă©tude sĂ©quentielle explicative Ă  mĂ©thodes mixtes auprĂšs d'Ă©tudiants en mĂ©decine. À l'aide d'un questionnaire, nous avons demandĂ© aux Ă©tudiants Ă  quelle frĂ©quence ils adoptaient des comportements liĂ©s Ă  la SE et Ă  la RS pendant l'externat. Ensuite, nous avons organisĂ© un groupe de discussion avec les Ă©tudiants afin d'explorer les raisons pour lesquelles ils ont adoptĂ© ces comportements. RĂ©sultats : Cinquante-deux Ă©tudiants sur 198 ont rĂ©pondu au questionnaire et cinq ont participĂ© Ă  un groupe de discussion. Les comportements spĂ©cifiques adoptĂ©s variaient de 50 % Ă  98 %. Nous avons identifiĂ© trois thĂšmes concernant les raisons pour lesquelles les Ă©tudiants ont utilisĂ© ces stratĂ©gies : comme stratĂ©gies d'apprentissage "juste Ă  temps" ; pour approfondir leur comprĂ©hension et identifier les lacunes dans les connaissances ; pour dĂ©velopper une approche pratique du diagnostic. Un quatriĂšme thĂšme concernait l'Ă©quilibre entre l'apprentissage et l'Ă©valuation et ses consĂ©quences sur l'adoption de comportements SE. Conclusions : Les Ă©tudiants qui ont fait l'expĂ©rience de l'ES et de la RS rĂ©guliĂšrement au cours de leur formation prĂ©clinique ont tendance Ă  transposer ces stratĂ©gies dans l'externat, ce qui leur fournit un moyen pratique de rĂ©flĂ©chir dĂ©libĂ©rĂ©ment et de saisir les opportunitĂ©s d'apprentissage dans un contexte clinique imprĂ©visible

    Exploring medical students’ use of principles of self-explanation and structured reflection during clerkship

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    Background: While educators observe gaps in clerkship students’ clinical reasoning (CR) skills, students report few opportunities to develop them. This study aims at exploring how students who used self-explanation (SE) and structured reflection (SR) for CR learning during preclinical training, applied these learning strategies during clerkship. Methods: We conducted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study involving medical students. With a questionnaire, we asked students how frequently they adopted behaviours related to SE and SR during clerkship. Next, we conducted a focus group with students to explore why they adopted these behaviours. Results:  Fifty-two of 198 students answered the questionnaire and five participated in a focus group. Specific behaviours adopted varied from 50% to 98%. We identified three themes about why students used these strategies: as “just in time” learning strategies; to deepen their understanding and identify gaps in knowledge; to develop a practical approach to diagnosis. A fourth theme related to the balance between learning and assessment and its consequence on adopting SE behaviours. Conclusions: Students having experienced SE and SR regularly in preclinical training tend to transpose these strategies into the clerkship providing them with a practical way to reflect deliberately and capture learning opportunities of the unpredictable clinical context

    Assessing commitment to reflection: perceptions of medical students

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    Background: While developing reflection skills is considered important by educators, the assessment of these skills is often associated with unintended negative consequences. In the context of a mandatory longitudinal course that aims to promote the development of reflection on professional identity, we assessed students’ commitment to reflection. This study explores students’ perception of this assessment by their mentor. Methods: We conducted a qualitative descriptive study using semi-structured interviews with twenty-one 1st and six 2nd year medical students. Thematic analysis was informed by Braun and Clarke’s six-step approach. Results: We identified four main themes: 1- assessment as a motivator, 2- consequences on authenticity, 3- perception of inherent subjectivity, and 4 - relationship with the mentor. Conclusions: In the context of assessing reflection skills in future physicians, we observed that students –when assessed on the process of reflection– experienced high motivation but were ambivalent on the question of authenticity. The subjectivity of the assessment as well as the relationship with their mentor also raises questions. Nevertheless, this assessment approach for reflective skills appears to be promising in terms of limiting the negative consequences of assessment

    To observe or not to observe peers when learning physical examination skills; That is the question

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    Background: Learning physical examination skills is an essential element of medical education. Teaching strategies include practicing the skills either alone or in-group. It is unclear whether students benefit more from training these skills individually or in a group, as the latter allows them to observing their peers. The present study, conducted in a naturalistic setting, investigated the effects of peer observation on mastering psychomotor skills necessary for physical examination. Methods. The study included 185 2§ssup§nd§esup§-year medical students, participating in a regular head-to-toe physical examination learning activity. Students were assigned either to a single-student condition (n = 65), in which participants practiced alone with a patient instructor, or to a multiple-student condition (n = 120), in which participants practiced in triads under patient instructor supervision. The students subsequently carried out a complete examination that was videotaped and subsequently evaluated. Student's performance was used as a measure of learning. Results: Students in the multiple-student condition learned more than those who practiced alone (8
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