Structural defense levels in <i>Verbascum thapsus</i>.

<p>Untransformed means of a) trichome length and b) leaf strength (expressed as the force/area [kN/mm²] required to puncture a leaf using a penetrometer) in young, medium, and old leaves of 10 maternal lines (M1-M10) of <i>V. thapsus</i>. Reaction norms show lines connecting maternal lineages. Standard error bars are omitted for clarity and are presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104889#pone.0104889.s009" target="_blank">Tables S9</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104889#pone.0104889.s010" target="_blank">S10</a>.</p

Iridoid glycoside levels in <i>Verbascum thapsus</i>.

<p>Untransformed means of the percent leaf dry weight of a) aucubin, b) catalpol, c) total iridoids glycosides, and d) the proportions of iridoids composed of catalpol in young, medium, and old leaves of 10 maternal lines (M1-M10) of <i>Verbascum thapsus</i> (common mullein). Reaction norms show lines connecting maternal lineages. Standard error bars are omitted for clarity and are presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104889#pone.0104889.s005" target="_blank">Tables S5</a>-<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104889#pone.0104889.s008" target="_blank">S8</a>.</p

Consumption of <i>Verbascum thapsus</i> leaves by a generalist herbivore.

<p>Means and standard errors of the absolute leaf area consumed (in cm²) by <i>Trichoplusia ni</i> (cabbage looper) larvae when presented with a choice between a) young and old leaves (<i>P</i> = 0.001) of <i>V. thapsus</i> and b) a single young leaf, half of which had intact trichomes, and half of which had trichomes removed with a razor blade (<i>P</i><0.0001). Means for the young/old comparison are back-transformed. Means for trichomes intact/removed are un-transformed. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104889#pone.0104889.s003" target="_blank">Tables S3</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104889#pone.0104889.s004" target="_blank">S4</a> for feeding trial data.</p

ANOVA results of the effect of leaf age, maternal line (ML), and the interaction of leaf age and maternal line on the percent dry weight of the iridoid glycosides aucubin and catalpol, the percent dry weight of total iridoid glycosides (aucubin + catalpol), the proportion of iridoids composed of catalpol, trichome length, and leaf strength.

<p>Significant terms are in bold.</p

Relationship between feeding damage and chemical defense in <i>Verbascum thapsus</i>.

<p>Scatterplot showing the relationship between <i>Trichoplusia ni</i> feeding damage to <i>V. thapsus</i> and different levels of percent leaf dry weight (arcsin-square-root transformed) composed of catalpol. This defense explained the most variation in caterpillar damage to plants when averaging levels of defense over leaf age (see text for details of the statistical approach).</p

Resistance to Herbivory Data

Includes data related to resistance against herbivory of native and introduced populations of Verbascum thapsus. Columns include: 'Garden' (Garden Location; either U.S. or Czech Republic), 'Block' (1 or 2; a spatial block that also coincides with maternal line), 'Population' (unique ID associated with each population; numbers are also not consecutive due to attrition before planting and plants that were excluded due to faulty irrigation), 'Origin' (continental range of seed collection; North American or European), 'Latitude' (of seed source), 'Longitude' (of seed source), 'PC1' (Principle Component associated mainly with temperature), 'PC2' (Principle Component associated mainly with precipitation during warm or wet periods), 'PC3' (Principle Component associated mainly with precipitation during warm and dry periods), 'Average.Rosette.Area.under.Reduced.Herbivory' (cm^2; rosette area for plants sprayed with systemic insecticide), 'Average.Ambient.Old.Leaf.Damage' (estimate of average percent leaf tissue removed on old leaves by insect herbivores when plants were sprayed with a water control)

Tolerance to Herbivory Data

Includes data related to tolerance to herbivory of native and introduced populations of Verbascum thapsus. Columns include: 'Garden' (Garden Location; either U.S. or Czech Republic), 'Block' (1 or 2; a spatial block that also coincides with maternal line), 'Population' (unique ID associated with each population; numbers are also not consecutive due to attrition before planting and plants that were excluded due to faulty irrigation), 'Origin' (continental range of seed collection; North American or European), 'Latitude' (of seed source), 'Longitude' (of seed source), 'PC1' (Principle Component associated mainly with temperature), 'PC2' (Principle Component associated mainly with precipitation during warm or wet periods), 'PC3' (Principle Component associated mainly with precipitation during warm and dry periods), 'Coefficient.of.Tolerance.Slope' (the slope of the line of log-transformed rosette area plotted against percent herbivore damage experienced by each plant), 'Variance.of.Tolerance.Slope'

Common Garden Performance Data

Includes data related to the performance of Verbascum thapsus rosettes grown in a common garden. Columns include: 'Plant' (unique ID associated with each rosette; numbers are not consecutive due to attrition before planting and plants that were excluded due to faulty irrigation), 'Population' (unique ID associated with each population; numbers are also not consecutive due to attrition before planting and plants that were excluded due to faulty irrigation), 'Origin' (continental range of seed collection; North American or European), 'Block' (1 or 2; a spatial block that coincides with maternal line), 'Treatment' (Ambient or Reduced Herbivory), 'PC1' (Principle Component associated mainly with temperature), 'PC2' (Principle Component associated mainly with precipitation during warm or wet periods), 'PC3' (Principle Component associated mainly with precipitation during warm and dry periods), 'Rosette.Area' (cm^2), 'Alive' (indicates where the rosette survived [1] or died [0] before September of the first growing season), 'Survival.to.Beginning.of.the.Second.Growing.Season' (0=no, 1=yes), 'Young.Leaf.Chewing.Damage' (estimate of average percent leaf tissue removed on young leaves by insect herbivores), 'Binomial.Young.Leaf.Chewing.Damage' (0=no visible damage, 1=visible damage on young leaves), 'Old.Leaf.Average.Chewing.Damage' (estimate of average percent leaf tissue removed on old leaves by insect herbivores), Binomial.Old.Leaf.Chewing.Damage (0=no visible damage, 1=visible damage on young leaves), 'Garden' (Garden Location; either U.S. or Czech Republic)

Appendix B. The list of plant species analyzed.

The list of plant species analyzed

Appendix E. Missing data imputation procedure and results.

Missing data imputation procedure and results