Glass Beads from Iron Age and Early Medieval Scotland

The dialog surrounding glass beads found in Scottish contexts is limited, particularly those found in Iron Age and Early Medieval contexts. These discussions focus largely on a narrative of diffusion from neighboring groups. This paper, however, examines the beads from a local perspective and finds that they differ significantly from those found in contemporary neighboring contexts. In fact, designs such as the triskele, marbled, and whirl beads do not appear elsewhere in the world and demonstrate significant skill and artistry on the part of local populations within Scotland. Colors also differ from neighboring groups, with deep blues and bright yellows favored over opaque reds and whites. These differences and the skill evident in the creation of these beads provide significant reason to examine the Scottish material in further detail

Delivering hot food on motorcycles: A mixed method study of the impact of business model on rider behaviour and safety

In Great Britain, motorcyclists have the highest fatality rate per billion passenger miles of all road users, and people who work on motorcyclists have a much greater risk of injury compared to other motorcyclists. Many hot meal delivery services are provided by people using motorcycles. Work can be accessed by an app or by being employed by a restaurant. There is a need to understand whether the business model under which riders work influences their experience of risk or whether this is just related to the risks of delivering food by motorbike per se. Interviews were conducted with six gig riders and 14 employed riders and an online survey was completed by 164 riders working via apps and 155 employed by restaurants. Gig workers were significantly more likely to agree that that their phone was a distraction and that they violated traffic laws related to speeding, red light running and, unsurprisingly, they had more points on their licence compared to employed riders. Gig riders were also more likely to be incentivised to ride in dangerous conditions and carry unstable loads. Gig workers were more likely to report being involved in collisions where their vehicle was damaged and where someone was injured. These findings were also evident in interview narratives. More needs to be done to make gig companies embed practices that do not increase risks for delivery riders

Editorial update

Taylor and Francis have published JAEOL for eight years. During that time the Journal has gone from strength to strength, most notably increasing from two issues a year in 2006 to four issues in 2015 and there has been a number of special issues: Journey(s)  vol. 10 (2); Outdoor and Adventure Therapy vol. 11(2); Cultural Perspectives on Experiential Learning in Outdoor Spaces vol. 12 (3); Outdoor Play and Learning in Early Childhood from Cultural Perspectives vol. 13 (3); and Space, Place and Sustainability and the Role of Outdoor Education vol. 14 (3).  The forthcoming special issue focuses on Adventure and the call for inclusion in that edition closes in March 2016. A themed issue focusing on Latin America is in progress and due in 2016.  If you wish to propose a special issue please visit the website and read the special issue guidelines available at http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/pdf/education/SI_guidelines_JAEOL.pdf. Do refer to the aims and scope of the Journal when developing your theme

Earthquake slip surfaces identified by biomarker thermal maturity within the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake fault zone.

Extreme slip at shallow depths on subduction zone faults is a primary contributor to tsunami generation by earthquakes. Improving earthquake and tsunami risk assessment requires understanding the material and structural conditions that favor earthquake propagation to the trench. We use new biomarker thermal maturity indicators to identify seismic faults in drill core recovered from the Japan Trench subduction zone, which hosted 50 m of shallow slip during the Mw9.1 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Our results show that multiple faults have hosted earthquakes with displacement ≥ 10 m, and each could have hosted many great earthquakes, illustrating an extensive history of great earthquake seismicity that caused large shallow slip. We find that lithologic contrasts in frictional properties do not necessarily determine the likelihood of large shallow slip or seismic hazard

'The Meek Shall Inherit The Earth' - Vocations of humility in the early Franciscan Order

In this thesis, Francis of Assisi's vocation of humility is given its unique place in the heritage of Christian humility, and situated in relation to the early Franciscan vocation of humility that followed and the Bonaventurian vocation of humility that then concluded the infancy of First Order Franciscan development. Francis's vocation of humility was constituted by a unique blend of subjection, self-sacrifice, inversion, and freedom from worldly constraints. The characteristics that these elements gave rise to included: living the Gospel and the Rule, seeking to be the Lesser Brother in every sense, loving and honouring all brothers equally, obedience, humility in deeds and words, and the exhibition of humility that could not be mistaken for lack of strength or determination. These elements and characteristics form a framework with which to analyse the subsequent early First Order vocation of humility and the vocation of humility under Bonaventure. Studying these three vocations highlights continuities and divergences in formation and complexion. Varying levels of reference to earlier ideas of Christian humility are detected, as are differing approaches to challenges posed by the temporal and ecclesiastical spheres. Of particular interest are diverse responses to four points of contention that have preoccupied other contributors to the heritage of Christian humility: the optimal exemplars for the pursuit of the relational, action-based life required by internal humility; humility as abrogation of power versus humility as a source of power; spiritual advancement through grace versus the possibility of attaining it to some degree through merit; and the extent and level of involvement in the temporal world compatible with Christian humility. The responses of Francis, the early First Order, and Bonaventure to these points of contention differentiate them from each other, and their theological ancestors, and provide a fresh perspective on early Franciscan Order history

Sorbent, Sublimation, and Icing Modeling Methods: Experimental Validation and Application to an Integrated MTSA Subassembly Thermal Model

This paper details the validation of modeling methods for the three core components of a Metabolic heat regenerated Temperature Swing Adsorption (MTSA) subassembly, developed for use in a Portable Life Support System (PLSS). The first core component in the subassembly is a sorbent bed, used to capture and reject metabolically produced carbon dioxide (CO2). The sorbent bed performance can be augmented with a temperature swing driven by a liquid CO2 (LCO2) sublimation heat exchanger (SHX) for cooling the sorbent bed, and a condensing, icing heat exchanger (CIHX) for warming the sorbent bed. As part of the overall MTSA effort, scaled design validation test articles for each of these three components have been independently tested in laboratory conditions. Previously described modeling methodologies developed for implementation in Thermal Desktop and SINDA/FLUINT are reviewed and updated, their application in test article models outlined, and the results of those model correlations relayed. Assessment of the applicability of each modeling methodology to the challenge of simulating the response of the test articles and their extensibility to a full scale integrated subassembly model is given. The independent verified and validated modeling methods are applied to the development of a MTSA subassembly prototype model and predictions of the subassembly performance are given. These models and modeling methodologies capture simulation of several challenging and novel physical phenomena in the Thermal Desktop and SINDA/FLUINT software suite. Novel methodologies include CO2 adsorption front tracking and associated thermal response in the sorbent bed, heat transfer associated with sublimation of entrained solid CO2 in the SHX, and water mass transfer in the form of ice as low as 210 K in the CIHX

Does Climate Change Increase the Risk of Child Marriage? A Look at What We Know--And What We Don't--With Lessons from Bangladesh & Mozambique

While child marriages are almost always the result of multiple interconnected factors, this Article will examine the existing evidence of a connection between the impacts of climate change and child marriage and analyze some of the research and monitoring gaps. Are existing climate change policies, as well as measures taken to reduce and eliminate child marriage, addressing this link? What are the human rights obligations of governments to protect girls from child marriage, including in times of disaster? Part I of the Article summarizes the current state of research about the causes and consequences of child marriage, followed by a review of the available research on connections between child marriage and climate change. It will examine the extent to which evidence has been gathered on this topic and assess the different ways in which impacts of climate change have been found to influence decisions regarding child marriage. It will argue that, while there are significant gaps in the research, there is growing evidence that climate change may exacerbate the rate of child marriage. Part II presents two country-specific case studies of the potential connection between climate change and child marriage in Bangladesh and Mozambique, two countries that are highly vulnerable to climate change and have rates of child marriage among the highest in the world. It also reviews laws and policies adopted by Bangladesh and Mozambique to cope with climate change and to reduce child marriage, and what lessons these efforts provide for other countries facing similar challenges. Part III reviews relevant obligations of governments under international human rights law and within the international climate change regime. In Part IV, the Article proposes measures to ensure that climate change mitigation efforts are grounded in an understanding of the gendered ways in which climate change affects women and girls, including through increased child marriage, and that anti-child marriage efforts take into account the impacts of climate change

Modeling Of Metabolic Heat Regenerated Temperature Swing Adsorption (MTSA) Subassembly For Prototype Design

This paper describes modeling methods for the three core components of a Metabolic heat regenerated Temperature Swing Adsorption (MTSA) subassembly: a sorbent bed, a sublimation (cooling) heat exchanger (SHX), and a condensing icing (warming) heat exchanger (CIHX). The primary function of the MTSA, removing carbon dioxide from a space suit Portable Life Support System (PLSS) ventilation loop, is performed via the sorbent bed. The CIHX is used to heat the sorbent bed for desorption and to remove moisture from the ventilation loop while the SHX is alternately employed to cool the sorbent bed via sublimation of a spray of water at low pressure to prepare the reconditioned bed for the next cycle. This paper describes subsystem heat a mass transfer modeling methodologies relevant to the description of the MTSA subassembly in Thermal Desktop and SINDA/FLUINT. Several areas of particular modeling interest are discussed. In the sorbent bed, capture of the translating carbon dioxide (CO2) front and associated local energy and mass balance in both adsorbing and desorbing modes is covered. The CIHX poses particular challenges for modeling in SINDA/FLUINT as accounting for solids states in fluid submodels are not a native capability. Methods for capturing phase change and latent heat of ice as well as the transport properties across a layer of low density accreted frost are developed. This extended modeling capacity is applicable to temperatures greater than 258 K. To extend applicability to the minimum device temperature of 235 K, a method for a mapped transformation of temperatures from below the limit temperatures to some value above is given along with descriptions for associated material property transformations and the resulting impacts to total heat and mass transfer. Similar considerations are given for the SHX along with functional relationships for areal sublimation rates as limited by flow mechanics in t1he outlet duct

Design and Assembly of an Integrated Metabolic Heat Regenerated Temperature Swing Adsorption (MTSA) Subassembly Engineering Development Unit

Metabolic heat regenerated Temperature Swing Adsorption (MTSA) technology is being developed for thermal and carbon dioxide (CO2) control for a Portable Life Support System (PLSS), as well as water recycling. The core of the MTSA technology is a sorbent bed that removes CO2 from the PLSS ventilation loop gas via a temperature swing. A Condensing Icing Heat eXchanger (CIHX) is used to warm the sorbent while also removing water from the ventilation loop gas. A Sublimation Heat eXchanger (SHX) is used to cool the sorbent. Research was performed to explore an MTSA designed for both lunar and Martian operations. Previously the sorbent bed, CIHX, and SHX had been built and tested individually on a scale relevant to PLSS operations, but they had not been done so as an integrated subassembly. Design and analysis of an integrated subassembly was performed based on this prior experience and an updated transient system model. Focus was on optimizing the design for Martian operations, but the design can also be used in lunar operations. An Engineering Development Unit (EDU) of an integrated MTSA subassembly was assembled based on the design. Its fabrication is discussed. Some details on the differences between the as-assembled EDU and the future flight unit are considered