38 research outputs found
Phenolic Compounds in Natural Solutions of a Coniferous Forest
Phenolic compounds have been identified previously as potentially responsible for allelopathic interferences in spruce forest at high altitude. They have now been analyzed in canopy leachates, snow, and soil solutions collected from the three layers of the podsolic soil: OA, E. and B. Leachates were characterized by high tanning capacity and by p-hydroxyacetophenone (found at 10â6 M) also detected as the major (10â7 M) monomeric compound in snow. At least 10 phenolic monomers, including vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and protocatechuic acids were identified in capillary waters extracted from the OA layer with their sum reaching 2 Ă 10â6 M. These monomers were only a small part (1%) of the total phenolics. In soil solutions, significant decreases in phenolic concentrations with depth were observed between the E and B layers, with qualitative modifications of the phenolic pattern. Spruce leachates and soil solutions exhibited high temporal variability, resulting in transitory allelopathic potential towards both aerial and subterranean parts of spruce seedlings. The occurrence of various and soluble phenolic coumpounds in the whole forest system, including p-hydroxyacetophenone, which persist from green needles to soil solutions, suggests that they could be involved in complex and interactive processes occurring during organic matter accumulation on the coniferous forest floo
Approche agronomique de l'allélopathie
International audienceLâallĂ©lopathie est lâobjet dâun nombre croissant de recherches. Des progrĂšs importants ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s dans la comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes Ă lâorigine des phĂ©nomĂšnes observĂ©s, et dans « lâĂ©tablissement de la preuve » que ces phĂ©nomĂšnes nâĂ©taient ni dus Ă un artefact expĂ©rimental, ni confondus avec dâautres phĂ©nomĂšnes. Cependant, peu de tentatives ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es dans lâoptique dâune maĂźtrise agronomique de ces phĂ©nomĂšnes. Une meilleure connaissance des relations entre pratiques agricoles et allĂ©lopathie serait nĂ©cessaire afin de valoriser cette derniĂšre dans des stratĂ©gies de protection intĂ©grĂ©e des cultures, et/ou de mieux maĂźtriser les « effets prĂ©cĂ©dent » des cultures. Un recensement des connaissances actuellement disponibles est effectuĂ©, insistant notamment sur les facteurs responsables des variations de potentiel phytotoxique, et sur leur contrĂŽle en vue de lâapplication agronomique de lâallĂ©lopathie. Plusieurs orientations pour une approche agronomique de lâallĂ©lopathie sont proposĂ©es, en particulier : replacer les mĂ©canismes de lâallĂ©lopathie dans le contexte du fonctionnement du champ cultivĂ©, identifier les mĂ©canismes-clĂ©s qui varient en fonction des pratiques, et Ă©tudier les effets dâune gamme de pratiques agricoles sur ces mĂ©canismes ; vĂ©rifier lâoccurrence du phĂ©nomĂšne en parcelles agricoles en sâappuyant sur des Ă©tudes analytiques ; apprĂ©hender simultanĂ©ment lâallĂ©lopathie et les autres dimensions agronomiques majeures de lâactivitĂ© agricole, en particulier lâĂ©laboration du rendement des cultures
Plant chemical defence: a partner control mechanism stabilising plant - seed-eating pollinator mutualisms
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mutualisms are inherently conflictual as one partner always benefits from reducing the costs imposed by the other. Despite the widespread recognition that mutualisms are essentially reciprocal exploitation, there are few documented examples of traits that limit the costs of mutualism. In plant/seed-eating pollinator interactions the only mechanisms reported so far are those specific to one particular system, such as the selective abortion of over-exploited fruits.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>This study shows that plant chemical defence against developing larvae constitutes another partner sanction mechanism in nursery mutualisms. It documents the chemical defence used by globeflower <it>Trollius europaeus </it>L. (Ranunculaceae) against the seed-eating larvae of six pollinating species of the genus <it>Chiastocheta </it>Pokorny (Anthomyiidae). The correlative field study carried out shows that the severity of damage caused by <it>Chiastocheta </it>larvae to globeflower fruits is linked to the accumulation in the carpel walls of a C-glycosyl-flavone (adonivernith), which reduces the larval seed predation ability per damaged carpel. The different <it>Chiastocheta </it>species do not exploit the fruit in the same way and their interaction with the plant chemical defence is variable, both in terms of induction intensity and larval sensitivity to adonivernith.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Adonivernith accumulation and larval predation intensity appear to be both the reciprocal cause and effect. Adonivernith not only constitutes an effective chemical means of partner control, but may also play a key role in the sympatric diversification of the <it>Chiastocheta </it>genus.</p
Biochemical organization of phytocenoses in mid-european freshwater habitats
In an overall study of the biochemical organization of phytocenoses, an analysis of the
organic components (carbohydrates, tanins, lignin) and mineral components (biogenic metals
and metalloids) of 36 land and aquatic vegetal species was conducted in the Dombes (Ain,
France), a region of fresh-water ponds in the deciduous biome. The multivariate analysis of
the phytochemical data collected showed a tripolar organization based on phenolic
pool/mineral pool opposition (land plants versus aquatic plants) and cellulose/lignin
opposition (emerging aquatic plants versus floating plants).
Although links were detected between the biochemical profiles of the plants and
phytosociological divisions or land-encroachment process, the discussion of the results is
complicated by the fact that most of the land plants considered are lignous dicotyledons
whereas the emerging aquatic species are primarily herbaceous monocotyledons. However, it
may be stated that the parietal macromolecules of the floating species (dicotyledons or
monocotyledons) are more dependent upon the environment that on the systematics and that
lignin dominates cellulose in all the species, as for land plants.
As far as the mineral components are concemed, the aquatic plants generally show more
abundant minerais than species on the land (1.5 to 2 fold difference). Potassium content is
generally 2.9 % in floating aquatic plants compared with 2.2 % in emerging plants and only
1.2 % in land plants. This element is therefore considerably concentrated with respect to the
ambiant water (by a factor of more than 1 000) whereas calcium is only wealdy concentrated
(by a factor of less than 100). Floating plants contain more biogenic metalloids than both
emerging aquatic species and land species: 3.7 % compared with 2.4 ± 0.4 % for nitrogen,
0.46 %o compared to 0.24 %o for phosphorus.
These results confirm the presence of a biochemical organization of plant communities
based on phenols, parietal macromolecules and biogenic elements. However, since the
fresh-water medium studied is highly heterogeneous (from ftoating aquatic associations to
meso-hygrophylic climacic oak forest), each of the three sub-groups needs to be taken into
consideration to gain a full understanding of this plant community. A discussion is initiated
to extend these observations and confirm the existence of a phytochemical organization of
phytocenoses, in relation with the notion of "phytochemical tactics" and the allocation of
trophic resources.Dans le cadre d'une étude de l'organisation biochimique des phytocénoses, une analyse des constituants organiques (glucides, tanins, lignine) et minéraux (métaux et métalloïdes biogÚnes) a été conduite sur 36 espÚces végétales
terrestres et aquatiques de la Dombes (Ain, France), région d'étangs d'eau douce relevant du biome caducifolié. L'analyse multivariable de ces données phytochimiques révÚle une organisation tripolaire du peuplement, basée sur l'opposition pool phénolique/pool minéral (plantes terrestres
versus plantes aquatiques) d'une part, cellulose/lignine (plantes aquatiques émergées versus plantes flottantes) d'autre part. Des recoupements sont observés entre profils biochimiques et sectionnement phytosociologique ou processus d'atterrissement. Mais la discussion des résultats se
complique du fait que la plupart des végétaux terrestres présents sont des dicotylédones ligneuses, alors que les espÚces aquatiques émergées sont majoritairement des monocotylédones herbacées. Cependant, chez les espÚces flottantes (dicotylédones ou monocotylédones), les macromolécules
pariétales dépendent plus de l'écologie que de la systématique : quelle que soit l'espÚce, la lignine l'emporte sur la cellulose, comme chez les plantes terrestres. En ce qui concerne les constituants minéraux, les végétaux aquatiques se montrent généralement plus riches (de 1,5 à 2 fois)
que les végétaux terrestres. La teneur en potassium atteint en moyenne 2,9 % chez les végétaux aquatiques flottants, contre 2,2 % chez les végétaux aquatiques émergés et seulement 1,2 % chez les végétaux terrestres ; cet élément est considérablement enrichi par rapport à l'eau ambiante (d'un
facteur supĂ©rieur Ă 1 000), alors que le calcium ne l'est que faiblement (d'un facteur infĂ©rieur Ă 100). Pour les mĂ©talloĂŻdes biogĂšnes, les espĂšces aquatiques flottantes sont plus riches que les espĂšces Ă©mergĂ©es et que les espĂšces terrestres : 3,7 % contre 2,4 ± 0,4 % pour l'azote ; 0,46 â°
contre 0,24 %o pour le phosphore. Ces résultats confirment l'existence d'une organisation biochimique des communautés végétales basée sur les phénols, les macromolécules pariétales et les éléments biogÚnes; mais l'hétérogénéité du milieu dulçaquicole étudié (des associations flottantes à la
chĂȘnaie mĂ©so-hygrophile climacique) amĂšne Ă considĂ©rer pour lui-mĂȘme chacun des trois sous-ensembles ainsi dĂ©limitĂ©s. Une discussion est amorcĂ©e, permettant de gĂ©nĂ©raliser ces constats en confirmant l'existence d'une organisation phytochimique des communautĂ©s vĂ©gĂ©tales, en relation avec les
notions de "tactiques phytochimiques" et d'allocation des ressources trophiques
Sur lâorganisation biochimique des phytocĂ©noses en milieu dulçaquicole mĂ©dio-europĂ©en
In an overall study of the biochemical organization of phytocenoses, an analysis of the organic components (carbohydrates, tanins, lignin) and mineral components (biogenic metals and metalloids) of 36 land and aquatic vegetal species was conducted in the Dombes (Ain, France), a region of fresh-water ponds in the deciduous biome. The multivariate analysis of the phytochemical data collected showed a tripolar organization based on phenolic pool / mineral pool opposition (land plants versus aquatic plants) and cellulose / lignin opposition (emerging aquatic plants versus floating plants).
Although links were detected between the biochemical profiles of the plants and phytosociological divisions or land-encroachment process, the discussion of the results is complicated by the fact that most of the land plants considered are lignous dicotyledons whereas the emerging aquatic species are primarily herbaceous monocotyledons. However, it may be stated that the parietal macromolecules of the floating species (dicotyledons or monocotyledons) are more dependent upon the environment that on the systematics and that lignin dominates cellulose in all the species, as for land plants.
As far as the mineral components are concerned, the aquatic plants generally show more abundant minerals than species on the land (1.5 to 2 fold difference). Potassium content is generally 2.9 % in floating aquatic plants compared with 2.2 % in emerging plants and only 1.2 % in land plants. This element is therefore considerably concentrated with respect to the ambiant water (by a factor of more than 1000) whereas calcium is only weakly concentrated (by a factor of less than 100). Floating plants contain more biogenic metalloids than both emerging aquatic species and land species : 3.7 % compared with 2.4 ± 0.4 % for nitrogen, 0.46 %o compared to 0.24 %o for phosphorus.
These results confirm the presence of a biochemical organization of plant communities based on phenols, parietal macromolecules and biogenic elements. However, since the fresh-water medium studied is highly heterogeneous (from floating aquatic associations to meso-hygrophylic climacic oak forest), each of the three sub-groups needs to be taken into consideration to gain a full understanding of this plant community. A discussion is initiated to extend these observations and confirm the existence of a phytochemical organization of phytocenoses, in relation with the notion of âphytochemical tacticsâ and the allocation of trophic resources.Dans le cadre dâune Ă©tude de lâorganisation biochimique des phytocĂ©noses, une analyse des constituants organiques (glucides, tanins, lignine) et minĂ©raux (mĂ©taux et mĂ©talloĂŻdes biogĂšnes) a Ă©tĂ© conduite sur 36 espĂšces vĂ©gĂ©tales terrestres et aquatiques de la Dombes (Ain, France), rĂ©gion dâĂ©tangs dâeau douce relevant du biome caducifoliĂ©. Lâanalyse multivariable de ces donnĂ©es phytochimiques rĂ©vĂšle une organisation tripolaire du peuplement, basĂ©e sur lâopposition pool phĂ©nolique / pool minĂ©ral (plantes terrestres versus plantes aquatiques) dâune part, cellulose / lignine (plantes aquatiques Ă©mergĂ©es versus plantes flottantes) dâautre part.
Des recoupements sont observĂ©s entre profils biochimiques et sectionnement phytosociologique ou processus dâatterrissement. Mais la discussion des rĂ©sultats se complique du fait que la plupart des vĂ©gĂ©taux terrestres prĂ©sents sont des dicotylĂ©dones ligneuses, alors que les espĂšces aquatiques Ă©mergĂ©es sont majoritairement des monocotylĂ©dones herbacĂ©es. Cependant, chez les espĂšces flottantes (dicotylĂ©dones ou monocotylĂ©dones), les macromolĂ©cules pariĂ©tales dĂ©pendent plus de lâĂ©cologie que de la systĂ©matique : quelle que soit lâespĂšce, la lignine lâemporte sur la cellulose, comme chez les plantes terrestres.
En ce qui concerne les constituants minĂ©raux, les vĂ©gĂ©taux aquatiques se montrent gĂ©nĂ©ralement plus riches (de 1,5 Ă 2 fois) que les vĂ©gĂ©taux terrestres. La teneur en potassium atteint en moyenne 2,9 % chez les vĂ©gĂ©taux aquatiques flottants, contre 2,2 % chez les vĂ©gĂ©taux aquatiques Ă©mergĂ©s et seulement 1,2% chez les vĂ©gĂ©taux terrestres ; cet Ă©lĂ©ment est considĂ©rablement enrichi par rapport Ă lâeau ambiante (dâun facteur supĂ©rieur Ă 1 000), alors que le calcium ne lâest que faiblement (dâun facteur infĂ©rieur Ă 100). Pour les mĂ©talloĂŻdes biogĂšnes, les espĂšces aquatiques flottantes sont plus riches que les espĂšces Ă©mergĂ©es et que les espĂšces terrestres : 3,7 % contre 2,4 ± 0,4 % pour lâazote ; 0,46 %o contre 0,24 %o pour le phosphore.
Ces rĂ©sultats confirment lâexistence dâune organisation biochimique des communautĂ©s vĂ©gĂ©tales basĂ©e sur les phĂ©nols, les macromolĂ©cules pariĂ©tales et les Ă©lĂ©ments biogĂšnes ; mais lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© du milieu dulçaquicole Ă©tudiĂ© (des associations flottantes Ă la chĂȘnaie mĂ©so-hygrophile climacique) amĂšne Ă considĂ©rer pour lui-mĂȘme chacun des trois sous-ensembles ainsi dĂ©hmitĂ©s. Une discussion est amorcĂ©e, permettant de gĂ©nĂ©raliser ces constats en confirmant lâexistence dâune organisation phytochimique des communautĂ©s vĂ©gĂ©tales, en relation avec les notions de « tactiques phytochimiques » et dâallocation des ressources trophiques.Lebreton Philippe, Gallet Christiane. Sur lâorganisation biochimique des phytocĂ©noses en milieu dulçaquicole mĂ©dio-europĂ©en. In: Revue d'Ăcologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 56, n°2, 2001. pp. 101-117
Traits morphologiques et biochimiques impliqués dans la spécialisation de Trollius europaeus sur les pollinisateurs de graines Chiastocheta spp.
Les interactions entre espĂšces sont un moteur d'Ă©volution. Nous montrons ici quels sont les traits morphologiques et biochimiques du trolle d'Europe qui ont Ă©voluĂ© au cours de sa spĂ©cialisation (Trollius europaeus) vis-Ă -vis des mouches pollinisatrices et prĂ©datrices de graines (Chiastocheta spp.). La forme globulaire de la fleur est dĂ©cisive dans l'attraction spĂ©cifique des chiastochĂštes. En comparaison avec une forme artificiellement ouverte, les fleurs globulaires, bien que souffrant plus de la prĂ©dation produisent plus de graines (4%), mais surtout elles exportent plus de pollen (85%). Un modĂšle de dynamique adaptative montre que l'Ă©volution de la forme globulaire requiert non seulement une efficacitĂ© minimale de la pollinisation par les chiastochĂštes, par rapport Ă des pollinisateurs alternatifs qui ne consomment pas de graines, mais Ă©galement une efficacitĂ© maximale : si les chiastochĂštes sont trop efficaces, en attirer beaucoup plutĂŽt que quelques uns ne confĂšre pas d'avantage. L'attraction des pollinisateurs se fait Ă©galement par des signaux olfactifs. Plusieurs composĂ©s volatils Ă©mis par le trolle dĂ©clenchent une rĂ©ponse Ă©lectrophysiologique chez les chiastochĂštes (methyl salicylate, Z-jasmone, b-caryophyllene, germacrene D, E,E-a-farnesene, linalool). Des observations de visites de chiastochĂštes en conditions naturelles ont montrĂ© que la variabilitĂ© des composĂ©s volatils prĂ©sents dans les fleurs expliquait une part de la variabilitĂ© des visites reçues par ces fleurs, en comparaison avec des traits morphologiques et pigmentaires. Les interactions entre une plante et des prĂ©dateurs de graines sont conflictuelles : la plante Ă intĂ©rĂȘt Ă soustraire les graines de l'appĂ©tit des larves. Un glycoside du flavonoĂŻde lutĂ©oline, l'adonivernith, s'accumule dans les parois des carpelles lorsque les dĂ©gĂąts causĂ©s par les larves augmentent, avec comme consĂ©quence une baisse de l'intensitĂ© de prĂ©dation. Les six espĂšces du genre Chiastocheta Ă©tudiĂ©es induisent et rĂ©agissent diffĂ©remment Ă l'adonivernith, cette molĂ©cule pourrait donc ĂȘtre impliquĂ©e dans la radiation sympatrique du genre. Les traits impliquĂ©s dans la spĂ©cialisation du trolle sur les chiastochĂštes sont donc Ă la fois mutualistes (morphologie globulaire et composĂ©s volatils de la fleur) et antagonistes (dĂ©fense chimique contre les larves). Les contradictions de cette mosaĂŻque de traits sont un moteur d'Ă©volution.Interactions between species are a major driving force in evolution. We show here which morphological and biochemical traits evolved during the specialisation of the European globeflower (Trollius europaeus) on seed-eating pollinator flies (Chiastocheta spp). The globular shape is a key factor in the specific attraction of chiastochetes. Globular flowers produce more seeds (4%, they suffer higher predation but are better pollinated) and moreover export more pollen (85%) than artificially open flowers. An adaptive dynamics model shows that the evolution of the globular shape requires a minimal pollination efficiency by chiastochetes relatively to alternative pollinators that do not eat seeds, but also a maximal efficiency: if the chiastochetes are too efficient, to attract a lot of them rather than a few confers no advantage. The attraction of pollinators is also mediated by olfactive signals. Several volatile compounds emitted by the globeflower trigger an electrophysiological response in chiastochetes (methyl salicylate, Z-jasmone, b-caryophyllene, germacrene D, E,E-a-farnesene, linalool). Field behavioural observations of chiastochetes visits have shown that the variability of the volatile compounds inside the flowers explains a part of the variability of the visits, together with morphological and pigmentation traits. Interactions between plants and seed predators are conflictual: the plants tend to reduce predation costs. A flavonoid close to luteolin, adonivernith, accumulates in the carpel walls when the damages caused by the larvae increase, leading to a reduction of predation intensity. The six Chiastocheta studied species have different exploitation patterns in the fruit, they induce and are affected by adonivernith in specific ways : this chemical defence could be involved in the sympatric speciation of the genus. The traits involved in the globeflower specialisation on chiastochetes are simultaneously mutualistic (globular floral morphology, floral colour and volatile compounds) and antagonistic (chemical defence against the larvae). The contradictions of this trait mosaic are a factor of evolution.GRENOBLE1-BU Sciences (384212103) / SudocSudocFranceF
Phenolic Compounds in a Sahelian Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Genotype (CE145â66) and Associated Soils
International audienceCE145â66 is an improved early-maturing grain sorghum genotype, increasingly grown by farmers in the Sahelian part of Senegal. This genotype is known to have negative effects on the following groundnut crop, because of the release of allelopathic phenolic compounds into the soil. We have assessed the synthesis of phenolics in sorghum vegetative parts and the variations in synthesis between years and sites. Total phenols and phenolic acids in the aerial parts and roots of flowering sorghum plants from 52 farmers' fields at two sites (SagnanĂšme and MĂ©dina) in Senegal in 1996 and 1997 were measured. Thirty-eight soil samples, collected after the sorghum harvest, from sorghum rows and interrows also were analyzed for their phenolic content. Total phenols reached 1.1â1.5% of root dry weight and 1.1â2.2% of aerial parts dry weight, with little variation between sites, and large variability between years, presumably due to climatic conditions. Eight phenolic acids and three associated aldehydes were identified by HPLC, with p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids the most abundant. Their totals reached 2.9â3.2 mg/g in 1996 and 2.6â2.8 mg/g in 1997 for the aerial part; and 3.3â3.6 mg/g in 1996 and 2.8â3.3 mg/g in 1997 for roots. In soils under sorghum rows, the mean water-soluble total phenols increased from 4.6 in 1997 to 6.7 ÎŒg/g in 1998 in SagnanĂšme, and from 3.8 in 1997 to 5 ÎŒg/g in 1998 in MĂ©dina. The concentrations of total phenols and phenolic acids were higher in rows than in interrows. All the phenolic monomers identified in vegetative parts were recovered in associated soil samples, with vanillic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids the most abundant. Finally, variability in plant phenolic content seemed more due to climatic than to cropping or soil factors, as differences between years appear more important than differences between or within sites
Uptake and translocation of phytochemical 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) in radish seeds and seedlings
International audienceThe molecular aspects of phytochemical interactions between plants, especially the process of phytochemical translocation by the target plant, remain challenging for those studying allelopathy. 2-Benzoxazolinone (BOA) is a natural chemical produced by rye (Secale cereale) and is known to have phytotoxic effects on weed seeds and seedlings. The translocation of BOA into target plants has been poorly investigated. Therefore, the total absorption of [ring U C-14] BOA was estimated by oxidizing whole seedlings of Raphanus sativus cv. for 8 days and quantifying the radioactivity. Non-radiolabelled BOA in seedlings was also estimated by HPLC. BOA applied at 10(-3) M was readily taken up by germinated radish at a rate of 1556 nmol g(-1) FW. At these same concentrations, BOA reduced radish germination by 50% and caused a delay in radicle elongation. Exogenous BOA was responsible for the observed germination inhibition. At a concentration of 10(-5) M, BOA was taken up by germinated seeds (31 nmol g(-1) FW), but this quantity did not affect radish germination. Labelled BOA was not mineralized in the culture medium during seedling growth as no (CO2)-C-14 was recovered. Both 10(-3) and 10(-5) M BOA were translocated into radish organs, mainly into roots and cotyledons. These organs were then identified as potential physiological target sites. Cotyledons remained the target sink (44% of the total radioactivity). The kinetics of BOA uptake at 10(-3) and 10(-5) M in radish seedlings was identical: BOA accumulation was proportional to its initial concentration. A comparison between radioactivity and HPLC quantification for 10(-3) M BOA indicated that BOA (along with some metabolites) could effectively be recovered in radish organs using chromatograph
Beech (Fagus sylvatica) germination and seedling growth under climatic and allelopathic constraints
La rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration forestiĂšre est un processus clĂ© de persistance des forĂȘts, particuliĂšrement en marge chaude dâaire de rĂ©partition. Lâinfluence du contexte thermique (tempĂ©rĂ© ou chaud), de la disponibilitĂ© en eau du sol et des interactions chimiques par allĂ©lopathie de diffĂ©rentes espĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es sur la germination de Fagus sylvatica en conditions climatiques contrĂŽlĂ©es. Le taux de germination de faĂźnes de Fagus vernalisĂ©es est amĂ©liorĂ© par des tempĂ©ratures relativement chaudes (20 °C), mais bloquĂ© de maniĂšre rĂ©versible sous contrainte thermique (27 °C). Le taux de croissance relatif des plantules de Fagus est plus important en conditions tempĂ©rĂ©es que chaudes. Les extraits foliaires de Hedera helix montrent dâimportants impacts allĂ©lopathiques sur la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de Fagus, surtout en conditions tempĂ©rĂ©es. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent une limitation de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de Fagus en marge chaude de son aire de rĂ©partition, et une modulation des succĂšs de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration selon le type de voisinage vĂ©gĂ©tal.Recruitment is a key process for forest sustainability, especially in warm margin of distribution area. The influence of climate (temperate or warm), of soil water availability, and of allelopathic interactions from different forest species have been tested on the germination of Fagus sylvatica in controlled climatic conditions. Germination rates of non-dormant Fagus seeds were improved by relatively warm temperatures (20°C), but reversibly stopped under heat constraint (27°C). The relative growth rate of Fagus seedlings was better under temperate climatic conditions. Foliar extracts of Hedera helix showed the highest allelopathic effect on Fagus recruitment, especially in temperate conditions. Our results suggest a limitation of Fagus recruitment in warm margin of its distribution area, and a modulation of recruitment success according to the identity of plant neighbourhood
Uptake and translocation of phytochemical 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) in radish seeds and seedlings
International audienceThe molecular aspects of phytochemical interactions between plants, especially the process of phytochemical translocation by the target plant, remain challenging for those studying allelopathy. 2-Benzoxazolinone (BOA) is a natural chemical produced by rye (Secale cereale) and is known to have phytotoxic effects on weed seeds and seedlings. The translocation of BOA into target plants has been poorly investigated. Therefore, the total absorption of [ring U C-14] BOA was estimated by oxidizing whole seedlings of Raphanus sativus cv. for 8 days and quantifying the radioactivity. Non-radiolabelled BOA in seedlings was also estimated by HPLC. BOA applied at 10(-3) M was readily taken up by germinated radish at a rate of 1556 nmol g(-1) FW. At these same concentrations, BOA reduced radish germination by 50% and caused a delay in radicle elongation. Exogenous BOA was responsible for the observed germination inhibition. At a concentration of 10(-5) M, BOA was taken up by germinated seeds (31 nmol g(-1) FW), but this quantity did not affect radish germination. Labelled BOA was not mineralized in the culture medium during seedling growth as no (CO2)-C-14 was recovered. Both 10(-3) and 10(-5) M BOA were translocated into radish organs, mainly into roots and cotyledons. These organs were then identified as potential physiological target sites. Cotyledons remained the target sink (44% of the total radioactivity). The kinetics of BOA uptake at 10(-3) and 10(-5) M in radish seedlings was identical: BOA accumulation was proportional to its initial concentration. A comparison between radioactivity and HPLC quantification for 10(-3) M BOA indicated that BOA (along with some metabolites) could effectively be recovered in radish organs using chromatograph