8 research outputs found
Graphene transistors are insensitive to pH changes in solution
We observe very small gate-voltage shifts in the transfer characteristic of
as-prepared graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) when the pH of the buffer
is changed. This observation is in strong contrast to Si-based ion-sensitive
FETs. The low gate-shift of a GFET can be further reduced if the graphene
surface is covered with a hydrophobic fluorobenzene layer. If a thin Al-oxide
layer is applied instead, the opposite happens. This suggests that clean
graphene does not sense the chemical potential of protons. A GFET can therefore
be used as a reference electrode in an aqueous electrolyte. Our finding sheds
light on the large variety of pH-induced gate shifts that have been published
for GFETs in the recent literature
Ultraclean Single, Double, and Triple Carbon Nanotube Quantum Dots with Recessed Re Bottom Gates
We demonstrate that ultraclean single,
double, and triple quantum
dots (QDs) can be formed reliably in a carbon nanotube (CNT) by a
straightforward fabrication technique. The QDs are electrostatically
defined in the CNT by closely spaced metallic bottom gates deposited
in trenches in SiO<sub>2</sub> by sputter deposition of Re. The carbon
nanotubes are then grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) across
the trenches and contacted using conventional resist-based electron
beam lithography. Unlike in previous work, the devices exhibit reproducibly
the characteristics of ultraclean QDs behavior even after the subsequent
electron beam lithography and chemical processing steps. We specifically
demonstrate the high quality using CNT devices with two narrow bottom
gates and one global back gate. Tunable by the gate voltages, the
device can be operated in four different regimes: (i) fully p-type
with ballistic transport between the outermost contacts (over a length
of 700 nm), (ii) clean n-type single QD behavior where a QD can be
induced by either the left or the right bottom gate, (iii) n-type
double QD, and (iv) triple bipolar QD where the middle QD has opposite
doping (p-type). Our simple fabrication scheme opens up a route to
more complex devices based on ultraclean CNTs, since it allows for
postgrowth processing
Formation Mechanism of Metal–Molecule–Metal Junctions: Molecule-Assisted Migration on Metal Defects
Activation energies, <i>E</i><sub>a</sub>, measured from
molecular exchange experiments are combined with atomic-scale calculations
to describe the migration of bare Au atoms and Au–alkanethiolate
species on gold nanoparticle surfaces during ligand exchange for the
creation of metal–molecule–metal junctions.
It is well-known that Au atoms and alkanethiol–Au species
can diffuse on gold with sub-1 eV barriers, and surface restructuring
is crucial for self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation for interlinking
nanoparticles and in contacting nanoparticles to electrodes. In the
present work, computer simulations reveal that naturally occurring
ridges and adlayers on Au(111) are etched and resculpted by migration
of alkanethiolate–Au species toward high coordination
kink sites at surface step edges. The calculated energy barrier, <i>E</i><sub>b</sub>, for diffusion via step edges is 0.4–0.7
eV, close to the experimentally measured <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> of 0.5–0.7 eV. By contrast, putative migration from isolated
nine-coordinated terrace sites and complete Au unbinding from the
surface incur significantly larger barriers of +1 and +3 eV, respectively.
Molecular van der Waals packing energies are calculated to have negligible
effect on migration barriers for typically used molecules (length
< 2.5 nm), indicating that migration inside SAMs does not change
the size of the migration barrier. We use the computational methodology
to propose a means of creating Au nanoparticle arrays via selective
replacement of citrate protector molecules by thiocyanate linker molecules
on surface step sites. This work also outlines the possibility of
using Au/Pt alloys as possible candidates for creation of contacts
that are well-formed and long-lived because of the superior stability
of Pt interfaces against atomic migration
Understanding the Electrolyte Background for Biochemical Sensing with Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
Silicon nanowire field-effect transistors have attracted substantial interest for various biochemical sensing applications, yet there remains uncertainty concerning their response to changes in the supporting electrolyte concentration. In this study, we use silicon nanowires coated with highly pH-sensitive hafnium oxide (HfO<sub>2</sub>) and aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) to determine their response to variations in KCl concentration at several constant pH values. We observe a nonlinear sensor response as a function of ionic strength, which is independent of the pH value. Our results suggest that the signal is caused by the adsorption of anions (Cl<sup>–</sup>) rather than cations (K<sup>+</sup>) on both oxide surfaces. By comparing the data to three well-established models, we have found that none of those can explain the present data set. Finally, we propose a new model which gives excellent quantitative agreement with the data
Low-Bias Active Control of Terahertz Waves by Coupling Large-Area CVD Graphene to a Terahertz Metamaterial
We
propose an hybrid graphene/metamaterial device based on terahertz
electronic split-ring resonators directly evaporated on top of a large-area
single-layer CVD graphene. Room temperature time-domain spectroscopy
measurements in the frequency range from 250 GHz to 2.75 THz show
that the presence of the graphene strongly changes the THz metamaterial
transmittance on the whole frequency range. The graphene gating allows
active control of such interaction, showing a modulation depth of
11.5% with an applied bias of 10.6 V. Analytical modeling of the device
provides a very good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the
measured device behavior. The presented system shows potential as
a THz modulator and can be relevant for strong light–matter
coupling experiments
Regulating a Benzodifuran Single Molecule Redox Switch via Electrochemical Gating and Optimization of Molecule/Electrode Coupling
We report a novel strategy for the
regulation of charge transport
through single molecule junctions via the combination of external
stimuli of electrode potential, internal modulation of molecular structures,
and optimization of anchoring groups. We have designed redox-active
benzodifuran (BDF) compounds as functional electronic units to fabricate
metal–molecule–metal (m–M–m) junction
devices by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and mechanically controllable
break junctions (MCBJ). The conductance of thiol-terminated BDF can
be tuned by changing the electrode potentials showing clearly an off/on/off
single molecule redox switching effect. To optimize the response,
a BDF molecule tailored with carbodithioate (−CS<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup>) anchoring groups was synthesized. Our studies
show that replacement of thiol by carbodithioate not only enhances
the junction conductance but also substantially improves the switching
effect by enhancing the on/off ratio from 2.5 to 8
Selective Sodium Sensing with Gold-Coated Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors in a Differential Setup
Ion-sensitive field-effect transistors based on silicon nanowires with high dielectric constant gate oxide layers (<i>e.g.</i>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> or HfO<sub>2</sub>) display hydroxyl groups which are known to be sensitive to pH variations but also to other ions present in the electrolyte at high concentration. This intrinsically nonselective sensitivity of the oxide surface greatly complicates the selective sensing of ionic species other than protons. Here, we modify individual nanowires with thin gold films as a novel approach to surface functionalization for the detection of specific analytes. We demonstrate sodium ion (Na<sup>+</sup>) sensing by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of thiol-modified crown ethers in a differential measurement setup. A selective Na<sup>+</sup> response of ≈−44 mV per decade in a NaCl solution is achieved and tested in the presence of protons (H<sup>+</sup>), potassium (K<sup>+</sup>), and chloride (Cl<sup>–</sup>) ions, by measuring the difference between a nanowire with a gold surface functionalized by the SAM (active) and a nanowire with a bare gold surface (control). We find that the functional SAM does not affect the unspecific response of gold to pH and background ionic species. This represents a clear advantage of gold compared to oxide surfaces and makes it an ideal candidate for differential measurements
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Multiparticle correlation studies in pPb collisions at sNN =8.16 TeV
The second- and third-order azimuthal anisotropy Fourier harmonics of charged particles produced in pPb collisions, at √sNN=8.16TeV, are studied over a wide range of event multiplicities. Multiparticle correlations are used to isolate global properties stemming from the collision overlap geometry. The second-order “elliptic” harmonic moment is obtained with high precision through four-, six-, and eight-particle correlations and, for the first time, the third-order “triangular” harmonic moment is studied using four-particle correlations. A sample of peripheral PbPb collisions at √sNN=5.02TeV that covers a similar range of event multiplicities as the pPb results is also analyzed. Model calculations of initial-state fluctuations in pPb and PbPb collisions can be directly compared to the high-precision experimental results. This work provides new insight into the fluctuation-driven origin of the v3 coefficients in pPb and PbPb collisions, and into the dominating overall collision geometry in PbPb collisions at the earliest stages of heavy ion interactions.
ISSN:0556-2813
ISSN:1089-490