我私法ヨリ觀タル賃金契約

<p>The aim was to investigate the effects of increased water or dairy intake on total intake of energy, nutrients, foods and dietary patterns in overweight adolescents in the Milk Components and Metabolic Syndrome (MoMS) study (<i>n</i>= 173). Participants were randomly assigned to consume 1l/d of skim milk, whey, casein or water for 12 weeks. A decrease in the dietary pattern called Convenience Food, identified by principal component analysis, was observed during the intervention both in the water and dairy groups. Total energy intake decreased by 990.9 kJ/d (236.8 kcal/d) in the water group but was unchanged in the dairy group during intervention. To conclude, an extra intake of fluid seems to favourably affect the rest of the diet by decreasing the intake of convenience foods, including sugar-sweetened beverages. A low energy drink, such as water, seems advantageous considering the total energy intake in these overweight adolescents. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00785499).</p

Vitamin D–vitamin K interaction: effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum percentage undercarboxylated osteocalcin, a sensitive measure of vitamin K status, in Danish girls

There is some evidence for a nutritional interaction between vitamin D and vitamin K status. We have recently reported that serum percentage undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC; a marker of vitamin K status) was inversely correlated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration (reflective of vitamin D status) in healthy Danish girls (aged 11–12 years), in line with a similar relationship reported in elderly women. While the causal nature of the relationship between vitamin D status and serum %ucOC has been tested in studies of elderly women, it has not been investigated in children. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that improving vitamin D status significantly lowers serum %ucOC. Serum samples from sixty-seven healthy Danish girls (aged 11–12 years), who participated in a 12-month double-blind, placebo-controlled, vitamin D3 intervention trial were used for the present study. These girls were a subset of subjects which began and finished the intervention during wintertime, thus avoiding the influence of seasonality on vitamin D status. A total of thirty-three and thirty-four of the girls had been randomised to treatment with 10 mg vitamin D3 per d and placebo, respectively, for 12 months. Total osteocalcin and the fraction of ucOC in serum (via enzyme-immunoassay) as well as serum 25(OH)D (via HPLC) were assessed at baseline and end-point. Vitamin D3 supplementation significantly increased serum 25(OH)D (21·6 %; P,0·002) but had no effect on serum %ucOC (P.0·8). In conclusion, the findings of the present intervention study in young girls suggest that vitamin D supplementation does not affect serum %ucOC, a marker of vitamin K status

Serum percentage undercarboxylated osteocalcin, a sensitive measure of vitamin K status, and its relationship to bone health indices in Danish girls

Recent cross-sectional data suggest that better vitamin K status in young girls (aged 3–16 years) is associated with decreased bone turnover, even though it is not associated with bone mineral content (BMC). The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between serum percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC), as an index of vitamin K status, and BMC and biochemical indices of bone turnover in peri-pubertal Danish girls. This peri-pubertal stage is a dynamic period of bone development, and as such, may represent an important window of opportunity for vitamin K status to modulate childhood bone health. Serum %ucOC and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) were measured at baseline in a study of 223 healthy girls aged 11–12 years. Urinary pyridinium crosslinks of collagen and serum total osteocalcin as markers of bone resorption and formation, respectively, as well as BMC (total body and lumbar spine) were also measured. Serum %ucOC (median 21·9 %) was not associated with markers of bone resorption or with total osteocalcin. Serum %ucOC was inversely correlated with serum 25 (OH) D (r − 0·143; P < 0·05). Serum %ucOC was negatively associated with BMC of the total body (β − 0·045; P < 0·001) and lumbar spine (β − 0·055; P < 0·05), after adjustment for potential confounders including vitamin D status. Better vitamin K status was associated with increased BMC, but not bone turnover, in healthy peri-pubertal Danish girls. There is a need for well-designed, randomized phylloquinone supplementation trials in children and adolescents to confirm epidemiological findings of an association between vitamin K status and bone health

The association (hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval) between maternal vitamin D status in gestation week 30 and offspring bone fractures in childhood and adolescence among 850 mother and child pairs from the DaFO88 cohort in Aarhus city, Denmark.

<p>*Adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, parity and sex.</p>a<p>Continuous values of vitamin D status in the Cox regression model.</p><p>The association (hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval) between maternal vitamin D status in gestation week 30 and offspring bone fractures in childhood and adolescence among 850 mother and child pairs from the DaFO88 cohort in Aarhus city, Denmark.</p

Effects of early infant weight gain (ΔSDS_{birth to 3 months}) on glucose metabolism, body composition, and cardiovascular risk factors at adolescence.

<p>Data are linear regression coefficients ± SE or [95% confidence limits]. For the purpose of tabulation the regression coefficients and confidence limits for log-transformed dependent variables were scaled using the regression coefficient for the untransformed variable. All regressions are adjusted for sex. ^§Adjusted for sex, age and current height. ^§§Adjusted for sex and current weight. ***<i>P</i><0.001, **<i>P</i><0.01, *<i>P</i><0.05.</p

Correlations of infant weight gain with birth weight, HOMA-IR and plasma glucose.

<p>Correlations between infant weight gain from birth to 3 months and birth weight SDS (Panel A), HOMA-IR at adolescence (Panel B), and mean basal plasma glucose concentration at adolescence (Panel C) in individuals born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA). *: <i>P</i><0.005 for association.</p

Anthropometry at birth, infancy and adolescence of subjects born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA).

<p>Data are means ± SD or [95% confidence limits] in the AGA and SGA group for the 87 subjects with data on early infant weight gain. ΔWSDS  =  change in weight SDS. ***<i>P</i><0.001, *<i>P</i><0.05.</p

Serum 25(OH)D in 1250 pulmonary TB patients and 355 neighbourhood controls by categories of sex, age, body mass index, pulmonary TB and HIV status and elevated acute phase reactants¹.

1<p>Pulmonary TB status was based on culture, except where culture data were not available. For 355 consecutively recruited sputum positive TB patients a control was randomly selected among individuals with same sex and age from the neighbourhood. Serum 25(OH)D data were available on 1570, but n may sum up to less, due to missing data.</p>2<p>Based on sex-specific percentiles among the neighbourhood controls.</p

Mean serum 25(OH)D among 355 neighbourhood controls (NHc) and 1250 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients at the year and quarter (Q) of examination.

<p>Two cases from first quarter of 2006 and seven from 2009 not shown.</p

Correlates of serum 25(OH)D in 1250 pulmonary TB patients and 355 neighbourhood with regression coefficient B, 95% confidence interval (CI) and P-values¹.

1<p>Pulmonary TB status was based on culture, except where culture data were not available. For 355 consecutively recruited sputum positive TB patients a control was randomly selected among individuals with same sex and age from the neighbourhood. Age, and quarter and year of recruitment were adjusted for in both models.</p>2<p>Model 1: N = 1540, adjusted R2 = 0.206 and intercept = 112.1 (95% CI: 105.1; 119.2).</p>3<p>Model 2: N = 1537, adjusted R2 = 0.212 and intercept = 110.4 (95% CI: 103.3; 117.5).</p