Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Information systems and e-business technologies: 2nd international united information systems conference, UNISCON 2008, Klagenfurt, Austria, April 22-25, 2008, proceedings

Here are the refereed proceedings of UNISCON 2008, held in Austria. UNISCON combines the ECOMO workshop series and the ISTA conference series. The 19 papers deal with conceptual modeling, model-driven software development and information systems applications

Quantitative Assessment of Preloaded 4‑Alkoxybenzyl Alcohol Resins for Solid-Phase Peptide Syntheses by 1D and 2D HR-MAS NMR

The quality of preloaded Wang resins is very important for the success of solid-phase peptide syntheses (SPPS). A critical factor is the capping of remaining hydroxyl groups after loading with the first amino acid, since these free alcohols lead to truncated sequences during the following SPPS steps. Because the detection of hydroxyl groups by color tests is difficult and unreliable, the capping efficiency is often controlled by time-consuming peptide test syntheses. Here, we describe a two-dimensional, high resolution magic angle spinning NMR method for the quantitative determination of remaining 4-alkoxybenzyl alcohols in Fmoc-Xaa-Wang resins with a detection limit of 1 mol-%. The NMR method was validated with samples of known ratios between Fmoc-Ala-Wang and 4-alkoxybenzylalcohol resin. Application to a set of preloaded Fmoc-Ala- and Fmoc-Thr­(tBu)-Wang test resins demonstrated that the full range of essential amino acids can be quantified without further spectrometer calibration. Compared to established test synthesis protocols, the NMR method represents not only advantages in terms of time and cost savings but also eliminates all inaccuracies due to further sample treatment like SPPS and cleavage from the resin

Structure and Dynamics of Chromatographically Relevant Fe(III)-Chelates

Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) is an important chromatographic technique for biomolecules. In order to get a detailed understanding of the hydration of immobilized Fe­(III), complexes of Fe­(III) with methyl substituted iminodiacetate ([Fe­(MSIDA)­(H₂O)₃]⁺) as well as with methyl substituted nitrilotriacetate ([Fe­(MSNTA)­(H₂O)₂]) were simulated in aqueous solutions with the quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics (QMCF MD) approach. The simulations were carried out at the Hartree–Fock (HF) level of theory, since cluster calculations at the HF, MP2, and B3LYP levels of theory showed that this method results in a good compromise between computational effort and accuracy. None of the coordinating water molecules were exchanged during the simulation period of 15 ps. The Fe–O_H₂O bond distances as well as the Fe–O_H₂O stretching motions differed among the coordinating water molecules, indicating different bond strengths. For the water molecules in the second hydration layer, mean residence times of 2.7 and 1.9 ps were obtained for [Fe­(MSIDA)­(H₂O)₃]⁺ and [Fe­(MSNTA)­(H₂O)₂], respectively. Furthermore, infrared measurements were carried out to characterize the most prominent bond features of aqueous Fe­(III)–NTA and to discuss these results in conjunction with the computationally derived frequencies

Combined Ab Initio Computational and Infrared Spectroscopic Study of the <i>cis</i>- and <i>trans</i>-Bis(glycinato)copper(II) Complexes in Aqueous Environment

The <i>cis</i>- and <i>trans</i>-bis­(glycinato)­copper­(II) complexes in aqueous solution have been investigated by means of a combined theoretical and experimental approach. The conducted quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics (QMCF-MD) studies, being the first quantum mechanical simulations of organometallic complexes by this method, yielded accurate structural details of the investigated isomers as well as novel dynamic data, which has successfully been confirmed and extended by subsequent mid-infrared measurements. The spectroscopic results, critically assessed by adjacent multivariate data analysis, indicate an isomeric stability at ambient conditions, vanishing at elevated temperatures

Natural Wood-Based Catalytic Membrane Microreactors for Continuous Hydrogen Generation

The development of controlled processes for continuous hydrogen generation from solid-state storage chemicals such as ammonia borane is central to integrating renewable hydrogen into a clean energy mix. However, to date, most reported platforms operate in batch mode, posing a challenge for controllable hydrogen release, catalyst reusability, and large-scale operation. To address these issues, we developed flow-Through wood-based catalytic microreactors, characterized by inherent natural oriented microchannels. The prepared structured catalysts utilize silver-promoted palladium nanoparticles supported on metal-organic framework (MOF)-coated wood microreactors as the active phase. Catalytic tests demonstrate their highly controllable hydrogen production in continuous mode, and by adjusting the ammonia borane flow and wood species, we reach stable productivities of up to 10.4 cmH23 min-1 cmcat-3. The modular design of the structured catalysts proves readily scalable. Our versatile approach is applicable for other metals and MOF combinations, thus comprising a sustainable and scalable platform for catalytic dehydrogenations and applications in the energy-water nexus.ISSN:1944-8244ISSN:1944-825

Imaging Nanometer Phase Coexistence at Defects During the Insulator−Metal Phase Transformation in VO2 Thin Films by Resonant Soft X‑ray Holography

We use resonant soft X-ray holography to image the insulator−metal phase transition in vanadium dioxide with element and polarization specificity and nanometer spatial resolution. We observe that nanoscale inhomogeneity in the film results in spatial-dependent transition pathways between the insulating and metallic states. Additional nanoscale phases form in the vicinity of defects which are not apparent in the initial or final states of the system, which would be missed in area-integrated X-ray absorption measurements. These intermediate phases are vital to understand the phase transition in VO2, and our results demonstrate how resonant imaging can be used to understand the electronic properties of phase-separated correlated materials obtained by X-ray absorption.Peer Reviewe